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2.7 Concluding Remarks Chapter 2 Geothermal ResourceBase Assessment Theoretical modeling suggests that stimulations in sedimentary settings, where there is some intrinsic porosity and permeability, are more favorable than a fractured basement rock setting (Nalla and Shook, 2004). Production data from the hydrocarbon industry indicate that most of the hydrocarbonbearing basins and Gulf Coast Plain in Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama host elevated temperatures and the potential for significant water flow (Erdlac and Swift, 2004). Currently, the oil and gas industry feels this is more of a problem than an asset. As an indication of the possibilities, research into the suitability of such basinhosted geothermal resources has begun in the north German Basin (Zimmermann et al., 2005). In this area, lowformation permeability requires stimulating potential sandstone reservoirs, and/or significant lateral drilling. But those conditions have not deterred initial research. The detailed size of this resource has not been calculated separately from the general EGS resource, which is mostly in basement rocks. The areas that are in this EGS category are the areas of sedimentary section deeper than 4 km. The deep sections of sediments are present over many areas of the United States (see Figure 2.5). Especially promising large areas are found in the Gulf Coast, the Appalachian Basin, the southern Midcontinent, and the Rocky Mountains. As described above, the thermal energy in such areas is at least equal to that in the geopressuregeothermal resource estimated for the Gulf Coast. Therefore, a very conservative figure of 100,000 EJ is listed in Table 2.5 for Sedimentary EGS systems. While this number may be a few percent of the total EGS value (105 quads, about 1% as listed in Table 2.5), the accessible fraction of the energy in a 10 to 25year time frame may be equal to or greater than the basement EGS value (see Chapter 3). Thus, the main reason for emphasizing this aspect of the EGS resource is its likelihood of earlier development compared to basement EGS, and the thermal advantages pointed out by the heatextraction modeling of Nalla and Shook (2004). Table 2.5 provides a summary of resourcebase estimates for all components of the geothermal resource. By far, the conductiondominated components of EGS represent the largest component of the U.S. resource. Nonetheless, the hydrothermal, coproduced resources, and geopressured resources are large and significant targets for shortand intermediateterm development. The question of sustainability is not addressed in this chapter. However, the geothermal resource is large and is ubiquitous. The temperature of the cooled part of the EGS reservoir will recover about 90% of the temperature drop, after a rest period of about 3 times the time required to lower it to the point where power production ceased (Pritchett, 1998). So development of an area 3 to 5 times the area required for the desired power output could allow cycling of the field and more than 100 years of operation. In areas where there are already large numbers of wells, this type of scenario might be practical and economical. Thus, in some scenarios of development, the geothermal resource is sustainable. Although the EGS resource base is huge, it is not evenly distributed. Temperatures of more than 150°C at depths of less than 6 km are more common in the active tectonic regions of the western conterminous United States, but by no means are confined to those areas. While the analysis in this chapter gives a regional picture of the location and grade of the resource, there will be areas within every geological region where conditions are more favorable than in others – and indeed more 235PDF Image | Geothermal Resource Base Assessment
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