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Myth 1: Geothermal Energy is Experimental and Not Yet Widely Used Truth: Geothermal resources have been in use in the United States for more than 10,000 years, according to archaeological evidence. The Paleo-Indians first used geothermal hot springs for warmth, cleansing, and minerals through direct use.6 The first large-scale geothermal electricity-generating plant opened at Larderello, Italy in 1904, and continues to operate successfully.7 The first commercial U.S. geothermal power plant producing power to the utility grid opened at The Geysers in California in 1960, producing 11 megawatts of net power. The Geysers system continues to operate successfully today, and represents the largest single sources of renewable energy in the world. The United States has nearly 2800 megawatts of electricity connected to the grid.8 As the worldís largest producer of geothermal energy, The U.S. generates a yearly average of 15 billion kilowatt hours of power, comparable to burning about 25 million barrels of oil or 6 million short tons of coal per year.9 Geothermal energy is used for electrical power production in 21 countries, and supplies significant amounts of electricity to countries such as the Philippines, where 27 percent of electricity derives from geothermal sources.10 Even so, this worldwide use represents only a fraction of the potential power that could be generated from geothermal resources. As technology continues to advance, the expected cost and risk of using geothermal resources will continue to decline while the geothermal contribution to our energy needs will continue to expand. II. Converting Geothermal Energy into Electricity Heat emanating from the Earthís interior and crust generates magma (molten rock). Because magma is less dense than surrounding rock, it rises but generally does not reach the surface, heating the water contained in rock pores and fractures. Wells are drilled into this natural collection of hot water or steam, called a geothermal reservoir, in order to bring it to the surface and use it for electricity production.11 The three basic types of geothermal electrical generation facilities are binary, dry steam (referred to as ìsteamî), and flash steam (referred to as ìflashî). Electricity production from each type depends on reservoir temperatures and pressures, and each type produces somewhat different 6 U.S. DOE, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy [EERE]. Geothermal Technologies Program. (2003). A History of Geothermal Energy in the United States. Retrieved November 1, 2004, from http://www.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/history.html 7 U.S. DOE, EERE. Geothermal Technologies Program. (2004). Geothermal Power Plants. Retrieved December 6, 2004, from http://www.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/powerplants.html 8 Gawell, et al (1999). Geothermal Energy: the Potential for Clean Power from the Earth. Geothermal Energy Association, Washington, DC. 9 Using Energy Information Administration (EIA) average geothermal energy production, 1990 ñ 2003, and EIA conversion information 10 The World Bank Group (2002). Geothermal Energy. Retrieved December 6, 2004, from http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/geothermal/ 11 GEO 4PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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