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environmental impacts. In addition, the choice of using water or air cooling technology in the power plants has economic and environmental trade-offs. III. Geothermal Plants and Cooling Systems The most common type of power plant to date is a flash power plant with a water cooling system, where a mixture of water and steam is produced from the wells. The steam is separated in a surface vessel (steam separator) and delivered to the turbine, and the turbine powers a generator. In a dry steam plant like those at The Geysers in California, steam directly from the geothermal reservoir runs the turbines that power the generator, and no separation is necessary because wells only produce steam. Figure 2 shows a flash and dry steam plant. Figure 2: Flash and Dry Steam Power Plant Diagrams Source: Geothermal Education Office (GEO) Recent advances in geothermal technology have made possible the economic production of electricity from lower temperature geothermal resources, at 100o C (212o F) to 150o C (302 o F). Known as ìbinaryî geothermal plants, these facilities reduce geothermal energyís already low emission rate to near zero. In the binary process, the geothermal water heats another liquid, such as isobutane, that boils at a lower temperature than water. The two liquids are kept completely separate through the use of a heat exchanger used to transfer the heat energy from the geothermal water to the ìworking-fluid." The secondary fluid vaporizes into gaseous vapor and (like steam) the force of the expanding vapor turns the turbines that power the generators. If the power plant uses air cooling (see next paragraph) the geothermal fluids never make contact with the atmosphere before they are pumped back into the underground 5PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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