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geothermal reservoir, effectively making the plant emission free. Developed in the 1980s, this technology is already in use in geothermal power plants throughout the world in areas that have lower resource temperatures. The ability to use lower temperature resources increases the number of geothermal reservoirs that can be used for power production. Figure 3 shows a binary power plant. Figure 3: Binary Power Plant Source: Geothermal Education Office A cooling system is essential for the operation of any modern geothermal power plant. Cooling towers prevent turbines from overheating and prolong facility life. Most power plants, including most geothermal plants, use water cooling systems. Figure 4 below shows a more complex diagram of a geothermal power plant, complete with a water (evaporative) cooling system. Figures 2 and 3 simplify the process of electricity production, while figure 4 shows greater detail and accuracy. Water cooled systems generally require less land than air cooled systems, and are considered overall to be effective and efficient cooling systems. The evaporative cooling used in water cooled systems, however, requires a continuous supply of cooling water and creates vapor plumes. Usually, some of the spent steam from the turbine (for flash- and steam-type plants) can be condensed for this purpose. Air cooled systems, in contrast to the relative stability of water cooled systems, can be extremely efficient in the winter months, but are less efficient in hotter seasons when the contrast between air and water temperature is reduced, so that air does not effectively cool the organic fluid. Air cooled systems are beneficial in areas where extremely low emissions are desired, or in arid regions where water resources are limited, since no fluid needs to be evaporated for the cooling process. Air cooled systems are preferred in areas where the viewshed is particularly sensitive to the effects of vapor plumes, as vapor plumes are only emitted into the air by wet cooling 6PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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