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towers and not air cooling towers. Most geothermal air cooling is used in binary facilities. Figure 4: Geothermal Power Plant with Water Cooling System Source: Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Lab (INEEL) A combination of flash and binary technology, known as the flash/binary combined cycle, has been used effectively to take advantage of the benefits of both technologies. In this type of plant, the flashed steam is first converted to electricity with a backpressure steam turbine, and the low-pressure steam exiting the backpressure turbine is condensed in a binary system. This allows for the effective use of air cooling towers with flash applications and takes advantage of the binary process. The flash/binary system has a higher efficiency where the well-field produces high pressure steam, while the elimination of vacuum pumping of noncondensable gases allows for 100 percent injection. This type of system has been operating in Hawaii since 1991 at the Puna Geo Venture facility (see Figure 20), where the geothermal fluid is over 600o F. It is also being used in three power projects in New Zealand, and in the Philippines since 1995 at the Upper Mahiao geothermal facility. IV. Reliability of Geothermal Power Generation The source of geothermal energy, the Earthís heat, is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Solar and wind energy sources, in contrast, are dependent upon a number of factors, including daily and seasonal fluctuations and weather variations. For these reasons, electricity from geothermal energy is more consistently available, once the resource is 7PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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