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tapped,thanmanyotherformsofelectricity. Geothermalplantscharacteristicallyhave very low planned and unplanned outage rates (times when power is in demand but unavailable due to a forced outage). Geothermal powerís availability, measured as the number of hours that a power plant is available to produce power divided by the total hours in a set time period, usually a year, is about 95 percent. This means that geothermal electric-power plants are available for generation 95 percent of any given time, based on decades of observations by plant operators.12 While availability factor measures a plantís potential for use, capacity factor measures the amount of real time during which a facility is used, and is therefore less than or equal to a plantís availability factor. To understand availability and capacity factor, consider the analogy of a working car. When a car is not in use, but is free from defects and available to be used, we may speak of the carís availability factor. When the car is actually being driven, we may speak of the carís capacity factor. Capacity factor can be influenced by changes in the resources, equipment or transmission variability, power market fluctuations and other factors. For example, a facility may not be able to produce at fully rated capacity because the resource is constrained -- a well might become clogged, subsurface conditions might change, or water might not be available in sufficient quantities to support the same level of resource production. Equipment or transmission problems can negatively influence the capacity factor even if the resource itself is available. Also, in recent years, capacity factors are being affected by the power market. While in the past geothermal facilities were almost always operated as baseload plants, running at a nearly constant output 24-hours a day, in recent years a significant portion of U.S. geothermal facilities are being operated as merchant power plants and may not have customers all of the time. But, despite all of these factors, geothermal facilities retain high capacity factors. The table below provides national capacity factor information for four renewable energy sources.13 Table 1: Capacity Factor, Selected Renewable Technologies Technology Geothermal Biomass* Wind Solar** Capacity Factor, Percentage Range 89ñ97 80 26ñ40 22.5 ñ 32.2 * Biomass represented as average Direct-Fired Biomass facility ** Solar represented as average Utility-Scale PV Concentrator 12 U.S. DOE. Energy and Geosciences Institute at University of Utah, (May 2001). Geothermal Energy: Clean Sustainable Energy for the Benefit of Humanity and the Environment. [Brochure]. Retrieved October 15, 2004, from http://www.geo-energy.org/RedBrochure.pdf. 13 Source: U.S. DOE, EERE (Dec 97). Renewable Energy Technology Characterizations. (EPRI Topical Report No. TR-109496). Retrieved March 4, 2005, from http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/tech_reports.html. 8PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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