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For example, significant pressure declines occurred during the 1980ís at The Geysers steamfield in California, where about 75 percent of the water condensed from the produced geothermal steam is evaporated from the cooling towers with 25 percent injected as recharge into the reservoir. In recent years, large amounts of reclaimed waste water have been injected into the reservoir, and three older, less efficient plants have been decommissioned. These remedial actions resulted in stabilization of the overall system pressure. To date, the facilities at The Geysers have produced for 45 years,26 and geothermal facilities at The Geysers are expected to be economically profitable for several decades more.27 Improvements in technology and additional injection could increase the projected economically profitable lifespan even further. Unlike most other geothermal systems, no water flows naturally into The Geysers geothermal system. The Geysers is a rare "dry steam field," while most other geothermal reservoirs are liquid- dominated and recharge naturally. VII. Geothermal Potential28 With todayís technology, it is assumed that geothermal power plants can economically generate electricity when resources rise above approximately 212°F (100°C) or are at depths of roughly 4 kilometers or less.29 In order for a resource to be economically developed at the minimum temperature, the resource must be relatively shallow. Likewise, in order for a resource to be developed at depths approaching 4 kilometers, the temperature must be relatively hot; thus these two parameters are somewhat offsetting. In addition, the size of the resource, productivity of wells, and other factors can influence economic viability. 26 Dr. Keshav Goyal, Senior Reservoir Engineer at The Geysers (2004). Statement of Evidence. 27 While a number of plants at The Geysers have been decommissioned over the years, only one of these was closed due predominantly to steam declines. The other facilities were closed due to age, contractual, legal, or other problems, according to Calpine Corporation. 28 Note that although this section focuses on the potential available from hydrothermal technology applicationsóthose that rely upon naturally occurring steam or hot water to produce poweróother applications exist with significant potential. NRELís 2006 report [The Energy Under Our Feet, Geothermal Resource Estimates for the United States. NREL/TP-840-40665. Retrieved April 13, 2007, from http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/40665.pdf] details geothermal potential from the full range of technology applications, including co-produced and geopressured, deep geothermal, geothermal heat pumps, and shallow identified and unidentified hydrothermal resources. These provide an accessible resource base of over 13 million megawatts of energy. Likewise, a 2006 report by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) [The Future of Geothermal Energy in the 21st Century: Impact of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) on the United States. INL/EXT0611746. Retrieved April 13, 2007, from http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/geothermal.html] found that Engineered (sometimes referred to as ìEnhancedî) Geothermal Systems (EGS) could produce up to 100,000 MW of geothermal energy by 2050. 29 Duffield, Wendell A and John H. Sass (2003). Geothermal EnergyóClean Power from the Earthís Heat. USGSX, Circular 1249. 15PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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