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Geothermal Energy and the Environment VIII. Applicable Environmental Regulations ñ An Overview To understand geothermal energy and its impact on the environment, a brief overview of applicable regulations is necessary. Many regulations, such as the Clean Air Act (CAA), apply to all sources of emissions, including emissions from renewable technologies such as geothermal. These environmental regulations dictate specific levels of allowable air emissions, how permits can be issued, what sorts of environmental reviews must take place, and what land types may be approved for development. Development of any kind will impact the environment, and thus must follow specific regulations. Clean Air Act Regulations Several pollutants discussed in the subsequent section of this paper are regulated under the Clean Air Act (CAA) as criteria pollutants. A criteria pollutant is a principal pollutant identified as most harmful to people and the environment. The Clean Air Act sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to regulate emissions of criteria pollutants on a federal level. The six criteria pollutants regulated by NAAQS are carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, ozone, and sulfur dioxides.35 States containing nonattainment areasógeographic areas that do not meet NAAQS standardsó are required to develop a State Implementation Plan (SIP), a strategy to meet NAAQ standards at the local and state level. States and tribes are responsible for meeting NAAQS standards under U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) oversight. State and local governments issue most of the air permits required by Title V of the Clean Air Act. These air permits include enforceable air emissions limitations and standards as established by the state or local government. Title V permits are issued to certain air pollution sources after they have begun to operate. In certain circumstances, for example on tribal lands, EPA may issue Title V permits as needed. EPA permits do not supersede state permits but rather serve areas not under traditional state and local government jurisdictions. All emitting facilities must comply with federal emission standards under sections 111 and 112 of the Clean Air Act. Under section 111, sources built after September 18, 1978 are subject to particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides standards established by the new source performance standards (NSPS), while those built before 1978 are not subject to federal regulation unless significant renovations occur at the facility.36 The uncertainty of what constitutes a significant renovation or modification to a power plant 35 U.S. EPA (2004), National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Guidelines. Retrieved September 23, 2004, from http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html 36 U.S. EPA. Air and Radiation (2004). Clean Air Act as Amended 1990. Retrieved September 20, 2004, from http://www.epa.gov/oar/caa/contents.html. 20PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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