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has been the subject of recent controversy. Under section 112, "major" industrial facilities that emit one or more of 188 listed hazardous air pollutants, or air toxics, must be EPA regulated. EPA defines ìair toxicsî as those pollutants that are known or suspected of causing cancer or other serious health effects, such as developmental effects or birth defects.37 Because geothermal power plants emit pollutants at lower levels than those regulated by the Clean Air Act, they do not face the same constraints as new fossil fuel facilities seeking air and operating permits from state governments. In California, the state with more geothermal electricity generation than any other area of the world, ambient air quality standards are stricter than national standards. Air districts in California with geothermal electricity production are required to comply with those strict air quality standards. Details about California air regulations are provided by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and are web-accessible.38 Additional Regulations Under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), any geothermal project selling power to a federal entity, moving power over a federal transmission line, or using federal funding or federal land must undergo an environmental analysis in order to determine potential environment impact. Power plants constructed on private or state lands are usually subject to similar state requirements. Depending upon the conclusions reached by the environmental review, additional studies, public hearings and documentation may be required before construction can begin. Any significant environmental impacts identified in an Environmental Assessment (EA) or Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) must be accompanied by a plan for monitored mitigation measures. Other environmental regulations that address geothermal development include the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permitting Program (NPDES), the Safe Drinking Water Act (Underground Injection Control Regulations), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Toxic Substance Control Act, the Noise Control Act, the Endangered Species Act, the Archaeological Resources Protection Act, Hazardous Waste and Materials Regulations, the Occupational Health and Safety Act, and the Indian Religious Freedom Act.39 The federal regulatory agencies involved in the geothermal development process include the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the Forest Service, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), and the Fish and 37 U.S. EPA (Jan 2004). Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. Retrieved April 21, 2005, from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/112g/112gpg.html. 38 For details about Californiaís strict air emissions regulations, for which geothermal plants are regularly in compliance, please visit http://www.arb.ca.gov/html/lawsregs.htm. 39 Brown, Kevin L. (1995). Environmental Aspects of Geothermal Development. International Geothermal Association Pre-Congress Course. CNR. Pisa, Italy. 21PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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