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Wildlife Service.40 State and local regulations and agencies are also involved in the geothermal development process. IX. Air Emissions Geothermal power plants release very few air emissions because they do not burn fuel like fossil fuel plants. Most fossil fuel power plant emissions are either a product of fuel combustion or a waste-product from that process. Geothermal plants avoid both environmental impacts associated with burning fuels as well as those associated with transporting and processing fuel sources. Geothermal plants emit only trace amounts of nitrogen oxides, almost no sulfur dioxide or particulate matter, and small amounts of carbon dioxide. The primary pollutant some geothermal plants must sometimes abate is hydrogen sulfide, which is naturally present in many subsurface geothermal reservoirs. With the use of advanced abatement equipment, however, emissions of hydrogen sulfide are regularly maintained below even California state standards. It is important to note that air emissions from all power plantsóincluding but not limited to geothermalócome from a variety of sources. For example, additional fossil fuel emissions, which come from the transportation of fuel to the power plant, are often omitted from emissions data. Unfortunately, air emissions comparisons are sometimes misleading, because the emissions data from a geothermal plant typically includes all emission sources from the well field through the power plant. A better comparison would include the complete range of emissions from fossil fuel plants. The lack of such data means that the comparisons that follow generally overstate the comparative emissions from geothermal power, and while this analytical problem cannot be resolved within the confines of this paper, it should be noted by the reader. Average life cycle emissions at coal facilities are substantially higher than their average operational emissions, as show in Figure 13.41 Operational emissions do not consider the effects of coal mining, transport, construction, and decommissioning. Life cycle emissions from geothermal facilities, in contrast, generally remain in the same range as operational emissions. 40 Fourmile Hill Geothermal Project Final EIS, vol 1. 41 Source: Margaret Mann and Pamela Spath (1999). Life Cycle Assessment of Coal-Fired Power Generating System. (NREL/TP-570-25119). Retrieved March 3, 2005, from http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy99osti/25119.pdf. For operational source information, please see Figures 21, 24, and 26. 22PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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