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Nitrogen oxides contribute to smog formation, acid rain, water quality deterioration, global warming, and visibility impairment. Health effects include lung irritation and respiratory ailments such as infections, coughing, chest pain, and breathing difficulty.46 Geothermal energy produced in the United States, when compared to coal, offsets approximately 32 thousand tons of nitrogen oxide emissions each year.47 This is substantial considering that even brief exposure to high levels of nitrogen oxides may cause human respiratory problems, and airborne levels of nitrogen oxides above the EPA established average allowable concentration of 0.053 parts per million48 can cause ecosystem damage. Nitrogen dioxide is a federally regulated criteria pollutant. Power plants built after September 17, 1978 must comply with federal nitrogen oxide standards; those built before may be subject to state or local standards. Because geothermal power plants do not burn fuel, they emit very low levels of nitrogen oxides. In most cases, geothermal facilities emit no nitrogen oxides at all. The small amounts of nitrogen oxides released by some geothermal facilities result from the combustion of hydrogen sulfide. Geothermal plants are generally required by law (with some variation from state to state) to maintain hydrogen sulfide abatement systems that capture hydrogen sulfide emissions and either burn the gas or convert it to elemental sulfur. During combustion, small amounts of nitrogen oxides are sometimes formed, but these amounts are miniscule. Average nitrogen oxide emissions are zero, as shown in Figure 14.49 46 U.S. EPA. Air Pollution (2004). Criteria Pollutants Description. Retrieved September 11, 2004, from http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/eog/course422/ap5.html. 47 Based on average EIA estimate of yearly geothermal generation, 1990 ñ 2004, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/txt/ptb0802c.html, and using percentages of each type of generation based on gross capacity listed at GEA website, available at http://www.geo-energy.org/Existing.htm. 48 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (June 199). ToxFAQsô for Nitrogen Dioxide. Retrieved February 2, 2005, from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts175.html. 49 Sources: Coal and natural gas from Platts Researching and Consulting, based on data from the EPAís Continuous Emissions Monitoring Program, 20003. Oil from U.S. EPA (2005). Clean Energy Impacts. Retrieved January 10, 2005, from http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/oil.htm; Geothermal information from U.S. DOE, 2000. 26PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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