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Hydrogen sulfide remains in the atmosphere for about 18 hours. Though hydrogen sulfide is not a criteria pollutant, it is listed as a ìregulated air pollutant.î Hydrogen sulfide remains the pollutant generally considered to be of greatest concern for the geothermal community. However, it is now routinely abated at geothermal power plants. The two most commonly used vent gas hydrogen sulfide abatement systems are the Stretford and LO-CAT.52 Both systems convert over 99.9 percent of the hydrogen sulfide from geothermal noncondensable gases53 to elemental sulfur, which can then be used as a soil amendment and fertilizer feedstock. The cost to transport and sell the sulfur as a soil amendment is about equal to the revenue gained from the transaction. As a result of abatement measures, geothermal steam- and flash-type power plants produce only minimal hydrogen sulfide emissions. Hydrogen sulfide emissions from California geothermal plants are reported as below the limits set by all California air pollution control districts.54 This is significant, considering that Californiaís clean air standards tend to be more restrictive than federal standards. Binary and flash/binary combined cycle geothermal power plants do not emit any hydrogen sulfide at all. In terms of dry gas by volume, a California study cites, as an example, that hydrogen sulfide could comprise around 1 percent of noncondensable dry gas emitted by a given geothermal power plant.55 Considering all types of geothermal plants, that translates into an overall average of about 0.187 lbs per megawatt hour.56 Since 1976, hydrogen sulfide emissions from geothermal sources have declined from 1,900 lbs/hr to 200 lbs/hr or less, although geothermal power production has increased from 500 megawatts (MW) to over 2,000 MW.57 Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur dioxide belongs to the family of SOx gases that form when fuel containing sulfur (mainly coal and oil) is burned at power plants. Fossil fuel-fired power plants are responsible for 67 percent of the nation's sulfur dioxide emissions.58 High concentrations of sulfur dioxide can produce temporary breathing impairment for asthmatic children and adults who are active outdoors. Health impacts from short-term exposures include 52 For detailed information about LO-CAT systems, please visit http://www.gtp-merichem.com/. 53 Reed, Marshall J. and Joel L. Renner. (1995). Environmental Compatibility of Geothermal Energy. Alternative Fuels and the Environment, ed. F. S. Sterret Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1995. 54 Tiangco, Valentino, et al. (1995). Emission Factors of Geothermal Power Plants in California. GRC Transactions, Vol. 19, pp 147-15. 55 Bloomfield, K.K. and Joseph N. Moore (1999). Production of Greenhouse Gases from Geothermal Power Plants. GRC Transactions, Vol 23, pp 221 ñ 223. 56 Bloomfield, Moore, and Neilson (March/April 2003). Geothermal Energy Reduces Greenhouse Gas Emissions. GRC Transactions. Vol 32:2. 57 Altshuler, S.L. & Arcado, T.D. (1991). Ambient Air hydrogen sulfide Monitoring at The Geysers: From Nonattainment to Attainment. GRC Special Report No. 17, 297-301. 58 U.S EPA (2004). How Does Energy Use Affect the Environment? Retrieved September 29, 2004, from http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/impacts.htm 28PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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