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wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, aggravation of existing cardiovascular disease, and respiratory illness. Sulfur oxide emissions injure vegetation, damage freshwater lake and stream ecosystems, decrease species variety and abundance, and create hazy conditions.59 There are both short- and long-term primary NAAQS for sulfur dioxide. The short term (24-hour) and secondary (3-hour) standards are not to be exceeded more than once per year. The current regulations were finalized in 1972.60 While geothermal plants do not emit sulfur dioxide directly, once hydrogen sulfide is released as a gas into the atmosphere, it spreads into the air and eventually changes into sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid.61 Therefore, any sulfur dioxide emissions associated with geothermal energy derive from hydrogen sulfide emissions. When comparing geothermal energy to coal, the average geothermal generation of 15 billion kilowatt hours avoids the potential release of 78 thousand tons of sulfur oxides per year. For geothermal plants, Figure 15 below shows hydrogen sulfide emissions that have been converted, for comparison purposes, to sulfur dioxide.62 59 World Bank Group (1998). ìSulfur Oxides,î from Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. Retrieved April 6, 2005, from http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd/essd.nsf/GlobalView/PPAH/$File/41_sulfu.pdf 60 U.S. EPA (2004). Sulfur Dioxide. Retrieved December 21, 2004, from http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/sulfur.html 61 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (June 199). ToxFAQsô for Sulfur Dioxide. Retrieved December 21, 2004, from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts116.html 62 Sources: Natural gas, coal, and geothermal data from: Platts Researching and Consulting, based on data from the EPAís Continuous Emissions Monitoring Program, 2003. Oil-fired data from U.S. EPA (2005). Clean Energy Impacts. Retrieved January 10, 2005, from http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/oil.htm. 29PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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