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complications. 63 Particulate matter contributes to atmospheric deposition, visibility impairment, and aesthetic damage. Power plants built after September 17, 1978 must comply with federal PM10 standards; those built before that date may be subject to state or local standards. Although coal and oil plants produce hundreds of short tons on an annual basis (where one short ton equals 2,000 pounds), as shown in Figure 16,64 geothermal plants emit almost no particulate matter. Water-cooled geothermal plants do emit small amounts of particulate matter from the cooling tower when steam condensate is evaporated as part of the cooling cycle. However, the amount of particulate matter given off from the cooling tower is quite small when compared to coal or oil plants which have burning processes in combination with cooling towers. In a study of California geothermal plants, PM10 is reported as zero.65 It is estimated that geothermal energy produced in the United States offsets 17 thousand tons of particulate matter each year when compared to coal production. Figure 16: Particulate Matter Comparison 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Comparing pulverized coal boiler, natural gas combined cycle, and average existing power plant, geothermal. 63 U.S. EPA (2004), Effects of Air Pollution. Retrieved December 16, 2004, from http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/eog/course422/ap7a.html 64 Source: Antares Group Inc., 4351 Garden City Drive, Suite 301, Landover, MD 20785. 65 Tiangco, Valentino, et al. (1995): Emission Factors of Geothermal Power Plants in California. In GRC Transactions, 19, October. pp 147-151. Coal 2.23 Natural Gas Geothermal Lbs/MWh 0.14 0 31PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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