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Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide, a colorless, odorless gas, is released into the atmosphere as a byproduct ofburningfuel. Whilecarbondioxideemissionsarealsoproducedbynaturalsources, most experts agree that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are caused by human fossil fuel burning. Concentrations in the atmosphere have increased by approximately 20 percent since 1960.66 The increase in carbon dioxide is typically attributed to power plant (primarily coal) and vehicle emissions, and secondarily to deforestation and land-use change. About 37 percent of incremental carbon dioxide accumulation is caused by electric power generation, mainly from fossil fuels.67 According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), carbon dioxide accounts for 83 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. 68 While carbon dioxide does not pose any direct human health effectsóhumans exhale carbon dioxide with every breathóexperts generally agree that global warming poses significant environmental and health impacts, including flood risks, glacial melting problems, forest fires, increases in sea level, and loss of biodiversity.69 The Kyoto Protocol, a document that addresses global warming through legally binding measures, was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 by a number of developed and developing countries.70 However, not until the 2004 ratification of the Protocol by the Russian government did Kyoto regulations go into effect among the majority of the developed countries where legally binding measures are most prominent. The U.S., however, has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol, and thus U.S. power plants are not forced to comply with any international carbon dioxide regulations. U.S. power plants may be subject to state or local regulations, however, and those companies with business overseas may be affected. Geothermal plants do emit carbon dioxide, but in quantities that are small compared to fossil fuel-fired emissions. Some geothermal reservoir fluids contain varying amounts of certain noncondensable gases, including carbon dioxide. Geothermal steam is generally condensed after passing through the turbine. However, the carbon dioxide does not condense, and passes through the turbine to the exhaust system where it is then released into the atmosphere through the cooling towers. The 66 Keeling, C.D. and T.P. Whorf (2004). Atmospheric CO2 records from sites in the SIO air sampling network. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A. 67 Bloomfield, Moore, and Neilson (March/April 2003). Geothermal Energy Reduces Greenhouse Gas Emissions. GRC Transactions. Vol 32:2. 68 EIA. U.S. DOE (2003). Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2003. figure ES1. Retrieved March 15, 2005, from http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/executive_summary.html. 69 IPCC Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001. Stand-alone edition Watson, R.T. and the Core Writing Team (Eds.) IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. pp 184 http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/un/syreng/spm.pdf 70 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Kyoto Protocol. Retrieved December 21, 2004, from http://unfccc.int/essential_background/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php. 32PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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