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such as bituminous plants, tend to be greater than from other types of coal plants. It is estimated that bituminous plants emit 52 percent of coal mercury emissions, while lignite coal plants emit only 9 percent.76 Those plants with emissions technologies in place, such as combined selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and wet flue gas desulphurization (FGD), tend to emit the lowest levels of mercury. This means that those plants built before 1978 that are not subject to Clean Air Act guidelines, and thus function without emissions control technologies, can emit ten times more mercury than newer, pollution- controlled coal plants.77 Mercury emissions from power plants pose a significant risk to human health. When mercury enters water, biological processes transform it to a highly toxic form, methyl mercury, which builds up in fish and animals that eat fish. People are exposed to mercury primarily by eating fish or by drinking contaminated water.78 Mercury is especially harmful to women: in February 2003, a draft report about mercury contamination noted that eight percent of women between the ages of 16 and 49 have mercury levels in the blood that could lead to reduced IQ and motor skills in their offspring.79 Mercury and mercury compounds are considered one of 188 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) and one of 33 urban HAPs under section 112 of the Clean Air Act. Urban HAPs are considered to present the greatest threat to public health in the largest number of urban areas.80 To date, EPA has established National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) for mercury emissions, but these standards only apply to facilities such as mercury ore processing centers with high concentrations of mercury. Individual states can mandate specific regulations for individual facilities.81 In addition, the EPA issued draft regulations on March 15, 2005, under The Clean Air Mercury Rule, which limits federal mercury emissions through a market-based regulatory program.82 Mercury is not present in every geothermal resource. However, if mercury is present in a geothermal resource, using that resource for power production could result in mercury emissions, depending upon the technology used. Because binary plants pass geothermal fluid through a heat exchanger and then return all of it to the reservoir, binary plants do not emit any mercury. In the United States, The Geysers is the main geothermal field known to emit small quantities of mercury in the atmosphere. The Geysers, however, was also mined for mercury from about 1850-1950, so it is likely that some degree of 76 Wayland, Robert J. (2001). Mercury and Utilities: Current Control Technologies. Northwest Mideast Institute/ECOS meeting, DC. Retrieved November 8, 2004, from http://www.nemw.org/Merc073101EPA.pdf. 77 National Environmental Trust (2004), Power Plants and Your Health. Retrieved December 2, 2004, from http://environet.policy.net/cleanair/health/powerplantfactsheet.vtml. 78 U.S. EPA (2004) Mercury Air Emissions. Retrieved June 18, 2004, from http://www.epa.gov/mercury/. 79 Union of Concerned Scientists (2004). Scientific Integrity in Policy Making. Retrieved September 4, 2004, from http://www.ucsusa.org/global_environment/rsi/page.cfm?pageID=1322. 80 U.S. EPA Air Toxics Website (2004). List of 33 Urban Air Toxics. Retrieved September 23, 2004, from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/urban/list33.html 81 U.S. EPA Regulations (2004). Background Information on Mercury Sources and Regulations. Retrieved October 14, 2004, from http://www.epa.gov/grtlakes/bnsdocs/mercsrce/mercreg.html#III. 82 For text of regulations, please visit http://www.epa.gov/mercuryrule/. For information about market based regulatory programs, please visit http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/. 35PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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