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mercury emissions would exist independently of geothermal development. Within The Geysers, the presence of mercury in the steam varies dramatically, as around 80 percent of mercury emissions derive from only two facilities. These individual high mercury facilities are scheduled to install mercury abatement equipment in 2005 that will significantly reduce the overall geothermal mercury emissions.83 Furthermore, mercury emissions from The Geysers are below the amount required to trigger a health risk analysis under existing California regulations. While federal proposals related to mercury risk have focused on coal, state and local governments have also introduced measures to reduce mercury emissions from other sources. As a result, mercury abatement measures are already in place at most geothermal facilities. The abatement measures that reduce mercury also reduce the emissions of sulfur generated as a byproduct of hydrogen sulfide abatement: after hydrogen sulfide is removed from geothermal steam, the gas is run through a mercury filter that absorbs mercury from the gas. In removing mercury, the sulfur that is created from the abatement process can then be used as an agricultural product. The rate of mercury abatement within a facility, which varies according to the efficiency of the activated carbon mercury absorber, is typically near 90 percent, and is always efficient enough to ensure that the sulfur byproduct is not hazardous. The activated carbon media is changed out periodically and is disposed of as a hazardous waste. The amount of hazardous waste reduction is thousands of tons/year. TOGs and ROGs Geothermal power plants may emit small amounts of naturally occurring hydrocarbons such as methane (CH4). Methane is reported in Total Organic Gases (TOG). Ten percent of TOGs are assumed to be Reactive Organic Gas (ROG) emissions. TOGs consist of all compounds containing hydrogen and carbon, while ROGs consist of organics with low rates of reactivity.84 Methane is the primary TOG emitted by geothermal plants, followed by ethane and propane.85 The EPAís inventory of methane emission from electric plants does not list geothermal, confirming that methane emissions from geothermal are generally insignificant.86 In contrast, natural gas facilities emit 19 percent of domestic anthropogenic methane,87 while coal mining and production accounts for around 20 percent.88 Waste management accounts for the largest percentage of anthropogenic 83 Benn, Brian J. (2004). Air Quality Specialist, Calpine Geysers Power Plant. Personal communication. 84 CEC (2002). California Air Resources Board, Facility Search Engine. Retrieved November 4, 2004, from http://www.arb.ca.gov/app/emsinv/facinfo/facinfo.php. 85 Benn, Brian J. (2004). Air Quality Specialist, Calpine Geysers Power Plant. Personal communication. 86 U.S. EPA (2003). U.S. Emissions Inventory 2003, Electricity. Retrieved February 10, 2005, from http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ResourceCenterPublicationsGHGEmissionsUSEmis sionsInventory2003.html. 87 U.S. EPA, Global Warming (2004). Methane: Sources and Emissions. Retrieved October 5, 2004, from http://www.epa.gov/methane/sources.html 88 Kirchgessner, David A. et al. (1995). An Improved Inventory of Methane Emissions from Coal Mining in the United States. U.S. EPA and Southern Institute. Retrieved November 4, 2004, from http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/ch14/related/mine.pdf. 36PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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