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methane emissions, at over 26 percent.89 Methane emission estimates are uncertain, however, because they are usually accidental or incidental to biological processes, and they are not always present in geothermal systems. Other ROGs, such as benzene, a known carcinogen, are generally not of concern to the geothermal community, as they are injected back into the system. Benzene emissions released at most geothermal facilities, including the Salton Sea in southern California, have never been high enough to trigger a risk assessment under California EPA exposure level standards. Although the Heber geothermal facility in southern California was required to conduct quarterly benzene cooling tower analysis as a stipulation in their permit agreement,90 analyses indicated that benzene comprises less than 1 percent of cooling tower gases.91 Ammonia Naturally occurring ammonia (NH3) is emitted at low levels by geothermal facilities, with more concentrated amounts emitted by certain plants at The Geysers. While livestock is responsible for almost half of ammonia emissions, geothermal accounts for only a fraction of ammonia emissions, at substantially lower than one percent. Additional sources include fertilizers, crops, and biomass burning.92 Emitted ammonia can combine with water to form NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide). If it lasts long enough in the environment, ammonia may combine with nitrogen oxide to form particulate (ammonium nitrate) or if there are no acid gasses present in the atmosphere, it will be absorbed into the soil and taken up by green plants.93 Experts generally concur that ammonia is released as hydrated ammonia, and depending upon the environment, is absorbed in soil to become part of the nitrogen cycle. Boron94 Boron, an element found in volcanic spring waters, does not exist naturally in its elemental form, but is commonly found as a mineral salt, ìboraxî, in dry lake evaporite 89 Energy Information Administration (2003). Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States. (DOE/EIA-0573(2003) 2003). Retrieved January 4, 2005, from ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/ggrpt/057303.pdf. 90 U.S. EPA (October 1998). Region 9 Electronic Permit Submittal System. Retrieved April 14, 2005, from http://yosemite.epa.gov/R9/AIR/EPSS.NSF/0/0c56d26d860c3fcd8825669100777b2d?OpenDocument. 91 California Air Resources Board (CARB) (1998). Imperial County Air Pollution Control District. Major Facility Permit Review. Retrieved April 14, 2005, from http://www.arb.ca.gov/fcaa/tv/tvinfo/permits/imp/ogdenev.doc 92 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2000). Ammonia and Ammonium Emissions. Retrieved February 10, 2005, from http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/programs/programs.htm?np_code=203&docid=320. 93 Benn, Brian (2004). Air Quality Specialist, Calpine Geysers Power Plant. Personal communication. 94 Benn, Brian (April 2005). Air Quality Specialist, Calpine Geysers Power Plant. Personal communication. 37PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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