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deposits. Boron is only toxic when high concentrations are ingested. When present in soil at low concentrations, boron is essential to the normal growth of plants.95 In geothermal steam systems, boron is present in the steam as highly soluble boric acid. When combined with ammonia, it often forms white crystalline salt deposits on equipment exposed to geothermal steam. Because of its high solubility, nearly all borate entering a geothermal plant will dissolve in the steam condensate, where it exits the plant through cooling tower blowdown and is injected back into the steam reservoir. New geothermal plants are now required to install high efficiency drift eliminators for particulate control regardless of boron content in the water, and these eliminators reduce boron emissions. CalEnergy, the previous owner of the Coso geothermal facility, conducted a cooling drift monitoring study at their facility from 1987 until the early 1990's as part of compliance with a stipulation in the project development EIS. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential impacts of cooling tower boron on vegetation. After the examination showed no negative boron impacts at the Coso site, the CEC allowed the company to terminate regular monitoring procedures. Boron salt compounds may be emitted in cooling tower drift, but boron emissions are generally not regulated. Air Emissions: Concluding Overview Total noncondensable gas emissions from geothermal resources typically make up less than five percent of the total steam emitted,96 whereas air emissions from facilities such as coal contain much higher percentages of emissions. Geothermal air emissions are significantly lower than those of an average U.S. power plant. For example, the geothermal sulfur dioxide equivalent, derived from hydrogen sulfide emissions, is one of the most significant pollutants emitted from geothermal power plants. Even so, sulfur dioxide emitted by geothermal facilities, at 0.35 lbs/MWh, represents only a fraction of the 6.04 lbs/MWh of sulfur dioxide generated by the average U.S. power plant. Table 3 below summarizes the average air emissions information provided in charts throughout this document, along with the average U.S. power plant emissions. The data shows that geothermal facilities emit less air pollution than most other thermal energy sources. 95 Brown, Kevin L. (1995). Environmental Aspects of Geothermal Development. International Geothermal Association Pre-Congress Course. CNR. Pisa, Italy. 96 Reed, Marshall J. and Joel L. Renner. (1995). Environmental Compatibility of Geothermal Energy. In F. S. Sterret (Eds.), Alternative Fuels and the Environment. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 38PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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