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Arsenic Arsenic, in its pure form, is a gray, crystalline solid, but can be found in various forms in the natural environment in combination with other elements. Arsenic is produced naturally in the Earth's crust and can be emitted during volcanic eruptions. It is also produced in fossil fuel processing and in the production of pesticides, wood preservatives, glass, and other materials. It is a known human carcinogen. Additional health effects include sore throat, irritated lungs, nausea, vomiting, decreased production of red and white blood cells, abnormal heart rhythm, damage to blood vessels, and skin pigmentation abnormalities.100 Like all HAPs, monitoring of arsenic from its sources is not required under the Clean Air Act. However, the Safe Drinking Water Act currently mandates that arsenic not exceed 50ppb (parts per billion) in drinking water. Legislation is presently under review that would reduce the number to 10 ppb, as per the recommendations of a government- sponsored study by the nonprofit organization, Academic Press. EPA limits exposure to arsenic in industrial facilities, but power plants remain unregulated. Individual states can have specific regulations for individual facilities, but no federal ambient air arsenic standards exist.101 Arsenic takes its final form in sediment, soil, water sources, shellfish, or fish, and is most harmful in the inorganic, as opposed to organic, form.102 Geothermal plants are not considered to be high arsenic emitters even though arsenic is common to volcanic systems. When arsenic is present in a geothermal system, it typically ends up in the solid form in the sludge and scales associated with production and hydrogen sulfate abatement. Arsenic emission levels have been well documented over the years through two emissions inventories in California: the Air Toxic ìHot Spotsî Program and The Geysers Air Monitoring Programs (GAMP), both of which have shown limited arsenic emissions. Results of these programs have shown arsenic emissions levels from geothermal power plant to be very small, if they are even detectable. A study of The Geysers showed that arsenic emissions were not of significant concern: the average level at The Geysers, at around 1.6 ng m-3, was found to be very close to the statewide average of 1.5 ng m-3.103 100 National Academic Press, for the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry [ATSDR] and the Dept of Health and Human Services (2000). Arsenic in Drinking Water: An Update. Retrieved November 20, 2004, from http://www.nap.edu/books/0309076293/html/. 101 U.S. EPA Regulations (2004). Background Information on Mercury Sources and Regulations. Retrieved October 14, 2004, from http://www.epa.gov/grtlakes/bnsdocs/mercsrce/mercreg.html#III. 102 U.S. Dep of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service (2000) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR): Toxicological Profile for Arsenic. Retrieved October 15, 2004, from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp2.html. 103 Solomon, Paul. A (October 1991). Arsenic Speciation in Atmospheric Aerosols at The Geysers. GRC Transactions. Vol. 15. 40PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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