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noise pollution is generally only an issue during the daytime hours and is not a concern at night. The well-drilling and testing phase of geothermal development generally does not exceed the federal BLM noise regulations. Much like the construction phase of development, well-drilling and testing are temporary, and the noise pollution they produce is not permanent. The Telephone Flat EIS for the proposed geothermal development estimated that well drilling operations would not exceed 54 dBA. However, unlike the construction phase of development, well-drilling operations typically take place 24 hours per day, seven days a week. This temporary noise pollution can last anywhere from 45 to 90 days per well. Noise from normal power plant operation generally comes from the three components of the power plant: the cooling tower, the transformer, and the turbine-generator building. According to the Telephone Flat EIS, noise from normal power plant operation at the cite boundary would occupy a range of 15 to 28 dBAóbelow the level of a whisper (table 4). Several noise muffling techniques and equipment are available for geothermal facilities. During drilling, temporary noise shields can be constructed around portions of drilling rigs. Noise controls can also be used on standard construction equipment, impact tools can be shielded, and exhaust muffling equipment can be installed where appropriate. Because turbine-generator buildings are usually designed to accommodate cold temperatures, they are typically well-insulated acoustically and thermally, and equipped with noise absorptive interior walls. XII. Water Quality and Use Geothermal water is a hot, often salty, mineral-rich liquid withdrawn from a deep underground reservoir. The steam that is "flashedî from the hot water is used to turn turbines and generate electricity. The remaining water, along with the condensed steam, is then injected back into the geothermal reservoir to be reheated. In water cooled systems, 50 percent or more of the liquid is lost to the atmosphere in the form of steam, and the remainder is injected back into the system. Because the geothermal water in a binary, air cooled plant is contained in a closed system, binary power plants do not consume any water. In a geothermal facility, geothermal water is isolated during production, injected back into the geothermal reservoir, and separated from groundwater by thickly encased pipes, making the facility virtually free of water pollutants. Most geothermal reservoirs are found deep underground, well below groundwater reservoirs. As a result, these deep reservoirs pose almost no negative impact on water quality and use. While no record of water use problems exists in the U.S., potable groundwater and clean surface water are important resources that require continued attention as the use of domestic geothermal resources grows. 43PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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