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Injection of Geothermal Fluids Geothermal steam and hot water can reach the surface in two ways: through naturally occurring surface features such as geysers and fumaroles, or through man-made wells that are drilled down into the reservoir to capture the Earthís energy for electricity. In either case, these natural geothermal fluids contain varying concentrations of potentially toxic minerals and other elements and are extremely hot when they reach the surface of the Earth. For these reasons, geothermal waters can be dangerous to humans and surrounding ecosystems. This is just one of the reasons that geothermal fluids used for electricity are injected back into geothermal reservoirs and are not allowed to be released into surface waterways. Injection of spent geothermal fluids is regulated by the EPA to coincide with the Underground Injection Control Program requirements and the BLM and state well construction requirements to ensure that groundwater is protected. When geothermal fluids are injected back into a geothermal system, the fluids are isolated from shallow groundwater by thick well casing. Injection typically takes place in separate wells that are designed to properly handle the chemistry of the injection fluids. In addition, geothermal developers manage geothermal fluids in order to minimize potential impacts. Benefits of injection include enhanced recovery of geothermal fluids, reduced subsidence (see ìSubsidenceî section) and safe disposal of geothermal fluids.108 Occasionally, geothermal effluents, if stored rather than injected back into the system, deliver beneficial environmental effects. For example, injection was banned at the Amedee geothermal field in northeastern California because the effluent, stored in a holding tank, produced a diverse, thriving wetland. In another case, an evaporative pond at a Mexican geothermal facility was found to be occupied by 34 species of birds.109 Finally, few people realize that the Icelandic tourist attraction, the Blue Lagoon (a turquoise body of mineral rich water) was actually created by geothermal water discharged from a power plant.110 Not only is the Blue Lagoon safe for swimming, but the waters are also touted as ìsoothing,î and as sources of ìcurative powers.111î Although the United States geothermal community agrees that injection is the most environmentally beneficial method of disposing of geothermal fluids, there are instances where other beneficial approaches have been taken. 108 California Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (2004). Geothermal Injection Wells. Retrieved November 4, 2004, from http://www.consrv.ca.gov/DOG/geothermal/general_info/injection_wells.htm. 109 Gomez, Maria C. et al. (1995). Evaporation Pond as a Refuge for Aquatic Birds in ìCerro Prietoî Geothermal Field, Baja California, Mexico. World Geothermal Conference [WGC]. Vol. 4. pp. 2803. 110 Geotimes, Dec. 2003. http://www.geotimes.org/dec03/Travels1203.html. Retrieved November 9, 2004. 111 The Official North American website of the Icelandic Tourist Board (1997-98). The Blue Lagoon. InterKnowledge Corp. Retrieved January 3, 2005, from http://www.icelandtouristboard.com/. 44PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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