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Myth 4: Extraction and Injection of Geothermal Brines Contaminates Drinking Water. Truth: No contamination of groundwater has occurred as a result of geothermal activity. While groundwater contamination has been a problem in the past or in areas outside the U.S., today every effort is made by the geothermal industry to minimize the affects of geothermal development on local water regime and surface features. Geothermal brines are injected back into geothermal reservoirs using wells with thick casing to prevent cross-contamination of brines with groundwater systems. A well casing is composed of thick specialized pipe112 surrounded by cement in order to prevent any contamination as the geothermal fluids are put back into the reservoir. Once the brines are returned to the geothermal reservoir, they are re-heated by the Earthís hot rocks, and can be used over and over again to produce electricity. Besides voluntary mitigation efforts on the part of developers, certain geothermal activities, such as injection, are regulated by the EPA to coincide with the Underground Injection Control Program requirements and the BLM and state well construction requirements. These federal regulations were instituted with the specific intent of protecting groundwater resources. In the U.S., according to federal regulations, only the lower-temperature geothermal waters that are of drinking-water quality and that do not disrupt ecosystems might be allowed to flow into streams or lakes. Most geothermal applications, including all higher-temperature geothermal systems, require that the water be injected back into the reservoir. Although geothermal development does not contaminate groundwater, like any form of development, it has some impact on local water use. For geothermal developers, most water impacts occur during construction and are only temporary. However, regardless of the nature or degree of water use impacts, geothermal developers should prioritize sound reservoir management practices that benefit geothermal operation and preventatively minimize potential impact. Geothermal power plants do use surface or groundwater during the construction and operation of the power plant as well as during well drilling to sustain operations. These uses, while typically not a significant concern as they do not dramatically decrease the amount of ground and surface water available for potable uses, should be taken into account during the development of geothermal resources. Fossil fuel plants, in contrast to geothermal facilities, must contend with water discharge and thermal pollution throughout the life of the plant, and waste heat from fossil fuel and nuclear facilities can devastate the animals and plants that inhabit local water bodies.113 In addition, both coal and nuclear plants use more water per megawatt hour than geothermal facilities in cooling their high-temperature fluids. Heated water is often 112 Depending on the site and chemistry, the pipe could be made from titanium, stainless steal, or K55 carbon steel. 113 Reed, Marshall J. and Joel L. Renner. (1995). Environmental Compatibility of Geothermal Energy. In F. S. Sterret (Eds.), Alternative Fuels and the Environment. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 46PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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