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dumped into local bodies of water, creating environmental disruption from the intake and heating processes. While geothermal production can typically be sustained through the use of a carrier medium (liquid or steam), a fossil fuel facility relies upon outside water sources. Figure 19 below shows freshwater use during normal operation at two proposed electricity- producing facilities, The Telephone Flat geothermal facility and the Sutter natural gas facility, both proposed projects of Calpine Corporation.114 The geothermal water use figure does not include geothermal fluid, as this liquid is injected back into the system and is not withdrawn from existing freshwater resources. At these facilities, according to the submitted Applications for Certification, the 500 MW natural gas combined-cycle facility would use over 4 million gallons of water a day, while the 48 MW flash evaporative cooling geothermal facility would use under 6 thousand gallons per day, even when the plants are adjusted for megawatt capacity. 114 Source, geothermal: Telephone Flat Environmental Impact Statement 3.2-32, 3.2-34, 3.2-35; natural gas: Calpine Corporation Sutter Power Plant Project, Application for Certification (AFC) (Dec 1997). Table 2.2-1, Estimated Average Daily Water Requirements. NOTE ON CALCULATIONS: Telephone Flat (geothermal)was proposed to produce 48 MW and use an average of 6.5 acre feet/year, Sutter (natural gas) was proposed to produce 500 MW and use an average 4,336,000 gals/day. Numbers based on the assumptions that one acre-foot = approximately 325,851 gallons, as reported by USGS (http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2004/circ1268/htdocs/text-conversion.html) and that the water usages are averaged over a 24 hour a day, 365 day a year time period. 47PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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