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In cases where subsidence may be linked to geothermal reservoir pressure decline, injection is an effective mitigating technique. By injecting spent geothermal brines back into the reservoir from which they came, reservoir pressure is stabilized. This approach has helped to maintain the pressure of geothermal reservoirs and can prevent or mitigate for subsidence at geothermal development sites.122 In the United States, injection technology is employed at all geothermal projects, minimizing the risk of subsidence. The EIS written for the Fourmile Hill geothermal project found that ìdue to the nature of the reservoir and operation methods, minimal subsidence is expected. The impact would be adverse, but not significant.î A similar result was found in the EIS for the Telephone Flat geothermal project, where the authors wrote that ìthere is a remote possibility that land subsidence could occur as a result of shallow groundwater or geothermal fluid production from the subsurface reservoirÖthe impact is considered less than significant and no mitigation measures are required.î Subsidence, which can negatively influence irrigation, has not been detected at the Salton Sea, a site of both large-scale geothermal development and flourishing agricultural practices. Despite the record of the geothermal industry in the United States, injection technology has not always been utilized in other parts of the world, and therefore subsidence has been a larger issue at some geothermal developments overseas. The most commonly referenced case of major subsidence at a geothermal field is the Wairakei geothermal field in New Zealand. At this field, which has been operating since the late 1950s, geothermal fluids were not routinely injected back into the geothermal reservoir. Although limited injection began in the late 1990ís at Wairakei, most subsidence had already occurred at this point. Long-term extraction of fluids without injection resulted in high subsidence rates in some areas near the production field, and a lower rate of subsidence across a much wider area. Fortunately, the field management practices used at Wairakei have not been followed at geothermal fields elsewhere in the world. In the United States, as well as most other geothermal fields worldwide, injection of spent geothermal brines begins immediately after a plant comes on-line, and continues through the life of the plant. The case of Wairakei has focused undue concern on the issue of subsidence: ìthe international geothermal community cannot comprehend how or why this continued discharge at Wairakei has gone on for so long. This practice does a disservice to the geothermal industry, which works hard to gain acceptance and can ill afford the squandering of good will by outdated field management practices.î 123 122 Geothermal Hot Line (Jan. 1996). Subsidence and Uplift at Heber Geothermal Field, California. 123 Ann Robertson-Tait, Senior Geologist, GeothermEx, Inc. (2004). Statement of Evidence, submission to applications by Contact Energy Limited for resource consents for the use and disposal of geothermal fluid from the Wairakei geothermal system. 53PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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