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Induced Seismicity Earthquake activity, or seismicity, is generally caused by displacement across active faults in tectonically active zones. An earthquake occurs when a body of rock is ruptured and radiates seismic waves that shake the ground. Although it typically occurs naturally, seismicity has at times been induced by human activity, including the development of geothermal fields, through both production and injection operations. In these cases, the resulting seismicity has been low-magnitude events known as ìmicroearthquakes.î Earthquakes with Richter magnitudes below 2 or 3, which are generally not felt by humans, are called microearthquakes. These microearthquakes sometimes occur when geothermal fluids are injected back into the system, and are centered on the injection site. The microearthquakes sometimes associated with geothermal development are not considered to be a hazard to the geothermal power plants or the surrounding communities, and will usually go unnoticed unless sensitive seismometers are located nearby. As the authors of the final EIS for the Fourmile Hill geothermal project reported, ìgeothermal production areas have experienced increased seismic activity in the magnitude range of 1 to 3 on the Richter scale as development proceeded. These event magnitudes are too low to be felt by humans and are not of concern to the safe operation of the project.î However, around some geothermal fields, particularly The Geysers, there have been complaints about increased seismicity in nearby communities. Much like subsidence discussed in the previous section, seismicity typically takes place in areas with high levels of tectonic activity, such as volcanic regions and fault zones. Because geothermal operations usually take place in areas that are also tectonically active, it is often difficult to distinguish between geothermal-induced and naturally occurring events. Many regions where geothermal development has occurred or has been planned are known as areas with high levels of fault activity. For example, the fault activity associated with the Cascade volcanoes and the Modoc Plateau had the potential to produce surface rupture and strong ground shaking in the Klamath National Forest area prior to any geothermal development in the region.124 Indeed, several earthquakes have plagued the region, including a 4.6 quake fifteen miles southwest of the proposed geothermal site in 1978, a swarm of low-magnitude quakes fourteen miles west of the proposed site in 1981, and several quakes near Medicine Lake in 1989, approximately two miles southeast of the proposed plant.125 Virtually all the regions of California where geothermal development has occurred are located in what has long been known as ìearthquake countryî even prior to geothermal development. These regions frequently experience earthquakes of various magnitudes, though few are felt by humans. 124 Fourmile Hill Environmental Impact Statement, 3-6. 125 Ibid. 54PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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