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Seismic Monitoring126 Experts at The Geysers agree that geothermal field development and expansion has resulted in seismic activity, though many of these induced microearthquakes require sensitive instrumentation to be detected. 127 Since 1980, two to three events of magnitude > 4.0 per decade, and an average of about 18 events of magnitude > 3.0 per year, have occurred in the region.128 As a result of a project EIR to bring in supplemental water from Lake County for injection at The Geysers, a Seismic Monitoring Committee (SMAC) was established to provide an open forum for concerned individuals and parties, even though the EIR determined that a geothermal facility would induce less than significant increases in seismic activity. While the largest earthquake ever detected in The Geysers area measured 4.6 on the Richter scale, seismic activity elsewhere in the region can be much more dangerous. In 1969, Santa Rosa, California, 40 miles from the geothermal site, experienced an earthquake of magnitude 5.7, and the USGS estimates that the Healdsburg-Rodgers Creek Fault is likely to experience an earthquake of Richter magnitude 6.5 within 30 years. The USGS monitors the region but does not treat the seismic activity at The Geysers as a significant concern compared to the larger-magnitude seismicity in the region, and therefore does not specifically focus monitoring efforts on The Geysers field.13 Calpine, which operates most of The Geysers power plants, monitors field-wide seismicity more closely. Both the USGS and the Calpine data sets are made available to the public and are used for research purposes. Landslides The extent to which geothermal development induces landslides is unclear, as landslides, which occur naturally in certain areas of geothermal activity such as volcanic zones, are produced by a combination of events or circumstances rather than by any single specific action. While field construction operations can ìtriggerî landslides, local geological preconditions must already exist in order for landslides to occur. Though landslides are rare, when they occur they are small enough to be confined entirely to the wellfield area of a geothermal facility. Geothermal areas with landslide hazards can be properly managed through detailed hazard mapping, groundwater assessment, and deformation monitoring, among other management techniques. Because landslides always present warning signs, such techniques ensure that landslides can be avoided on geothermal lands.129 126 Telephone Flat Environmental Impact Statement, 3.1-5. 127 Personal Correspondence with geophysicist Mitch Stark, Calpine SMAC participant. September 27, 2004. 128 Ibid 129 Voight, B. (1992) Causes of Landslides: Conventional Factors Special Considerations for Geothermal Sites and Volcanic Regions. GRC Transactions:16. pp. 529-533. 55PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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