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Summary and Conclusion XVI. The Big Picture: Electricity Production and its Consequences Despite improvements in coal, natural gas, and oil power plant technology, fossil fuel combustion continues to produce more air pollution than any other single source.132 Power plants contribute close to 60 percent of U.S. water pollution.133 The EPA, in its discussion of power plant impacts, notes that ìfossil fuel-fired power plants are responsible for 67 percent of the nation's sulfur dioxide emissions, 23 percent of nitrogen oxide emissions, and 40 percent of man-made carbon dioxide emissions.î134 These pollutants have been widely documented to cause a host of environmental and health problems, including smog formation, respiratory attacks in children and seniors, acid rain that damages water bodies and forests, nitrogen emissions that lead to dead zones of aquatic life, mercury contamination of lakes and streams that has led 40 states to issue fish mercury advisories, and carbon dioxide-driven climate change that results in destructive floods, droughts, heat waves, intense storms, and climate-related infectious disease.135 The EPA highlights the increasingly important role of green power in contributing to the clean air goals of the U.S. According to a number of EPA studies, if all states were to implement ìcost-effective energy efficiency and clean energy policies, the expected growth in demand for electricity could be cut in half by 2025, providing billions of dollars in customer savings, contributing to lower prices for natural gas, and substantially reducing greenhouse gas emissions.136î Although green power pollutes significantly less than fossil fuel sources, it is important to note that all power generation impacts the environment, regardless of whether electricity is derived from the combustion of fossil fuel or renewable sources. Impacts such as land use, for example, cannot be avoided no matter what level of mitigation is employed. The 132 U.S. EPA (2004). How Does Energy Use Affect the Environment? Retrieved September 29, 2004, from http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/impacts.htm 133 National Aerodynamics and Space Administration [NASA] Glenn Research Center. Pollution. Retrieved December 1, 2004, from http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/fenlewis/Pollution.html 134 U.S. EPA (2004). How Does Energy Use Affect the Environment? Retrieved September 29, 2004, from http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/impacts.htm 135 Hawkins, David G., Director, Air & Energy Programs., Natural Resources Defense Council [NRDC]. (March 21, 2001). ìHarmonizing the Clean Air Act with Our Nationís Energy Policy.î U.S. Senate Hearing Testimony before the Subcommittee on Clean Air, Wetlands, Private Property and Nuclear Safety, Committee on Environment and Public Works Retrieved November 11, 2004, from http://epw.senate.gov/107th/haw_0321.htm. 136 U.S. EPA. NREL (2004). EPA-State Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Projects. Retrieved March 8, 2005, from http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/pdf/eere_factsheet.pdf. 60PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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