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for electricity generation from fossil fuel resources. Finally, research into the extraction of minerals from geothermal fluids is showing great promise. Use of extraction technology would allow for the production of minerals without the environmental impacts of mining. • Geothermal energy is combustion free. Unlike fossil fuel power plants, no smoke is emitted from geothermal power plants, because no burning takes place: only steam is emitted from geothermal facilities. • Geothermal energy minimally impacts land. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, geothermal energy uses less land than other energy sources, both fossil fuel and renewable. No transportation of geothermal resources is necessary, because the resource is tapped directly at its source. • Geothermal energy is competitive with other energy technologies when environmental costs are considered. A 1995 study estimates that costs of power generation would increase 17 percent for natural gas and 25 percent for coal if environmental costs were included.137 These costs include land degradation, potentially toxic emissions, forced extinction and destruction of animals and plants, and health impacts to humans. XVIII. Conclusion Abundant geothermal resources throughout the nation can provide an environmentally friendly source of energy. Data compiled from a variety of sources point to geothermal energy as an environmental option for new power generation that is far better than other energy sources such as fossil fuels. In addition, geothermal remains as environmentally friendly as most other renewable sources, while simultaneously offering reliability and a source of baseload power that is unique among most other renewable options available. The Department of Energy, along with several scientific laboratories, conducts research on a regular basis to improve the already minimal environmental impacts of geothermal energy and to decrease the associated costs. While currently used at only a fraction of its potential, geothermal energy can substantially contribute to the energy needs of the twenty-first century. With increased federal research and development funding in conjunction with supportive renewable energy policies, the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) estimates that renewable sources of energy could meet 20 percent of the nationís electricity needs by 2020, with geothermal contributing 19 percent of the overall renewable contribution (just under 4 percent of total domestic electricity needs).138 If this UCS geothermal projection can be 137 Haberle and Flynn (1995). Comparative Economics and Benefits of Electricity Produced from Geothermal Resources in the State of Nevada. Univ. of Nevada, Las Vegas. 138 UCS (October 2001). Clean Energy Blueprint. Retrieved October 18, 2004, from http://www.ucsusa.org/documents/blueprint.pdf. 62PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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