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Glossary139 Acid Rain: Also called acid precipitation or acid deposition, acid rain is precipitation containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids formed primarily by nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned. It can be wet precipitation (rain, snow, or fog) or dry precipitation (absorbed gaseous and particulate matter, aerosol particles or dust). Acid rain has a pH below 5.6. Normal rain has a pH of about 5.6, which is slightly acidic. The term pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and ranges from 0 to 14. A pH measurement of 7 is regarded as neutral. Measurements below 7 indicate increased acidity, while those above indicate increased alkalinity. Air Pollution: Unwanted particles, mist or gases put into the atmosphere as a result of motor vehicle exhaust, the operation of industrial facilities or other human activity. Ambient: Natural condition of the environment at any given time. Anthropogenic:140 Caused by human action, such as changes in vegetation, an ecosystem, or an entire landscape. Aquaculture:141 farming of organisms that live in water, such as fish, shellfish, and algae. Baseload: The lowest level of power production needs during a season or year. Baseload Plants: Electricity-generating units that are operated to meet the constant or minimum load on the system. The cost of energy from such units is usually the lowest available to the system. Binary-Cycle Plant: A geothermal electricity generating plant employing a closed-loop heat exchange system in which the heat of the geothermal fluid (the "primary fluid") is transferred to a lower-boiling-point fluid (the "secondary" or "working" fluid), which is thereby vaporized and used to drive a turbine/generator set. Biomass: Energy resources derived from organic matter. These include wood, agricultural waste and other living-cell material that can be burned to produce heat energy. They also include algae, sewage and other organic substances that may be used to make energy through chemical processes. Bituminous Coal: A dense coal, usually black, sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as fuel in steam-electric power generation, with substantial quantities also used for heat and power applications in manufacturing and to make coke. Bituminous coal is the most abundant coal in active U.S. mining regions. Its moisture 139 All terms from Energy Information Administration [EIA] (2002). Glossary of Electricity Terms Retrieved December 13, 2004, from http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epav1/glossary.html, California Energy Commission [CEC] (2004). Retrieved December 13, 2004, from http://www.energy.ca.gov/glossary/. Glossary of Energy Terms. Retrieved January 7, 2005, or U.S. DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Geothermal Technologies Program. Geothermal Glossary. Retrieved April 14, 2005, from http://www.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/glossary.html, unless otherwise noted. 140 Source: USGS 141 Ibid. 64PDF Image | Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal plants
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