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R. Saidur et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 5649–5659 5651 1st Law Fuel Energy Distribution 2nd Law Fuel exergy Distribution Friction Coolant, and Other 61.9% Brake Work 10.4% Brake Work 9.7% Exhaust Exergy 8.4% Exhaust 27.7% Irreversib iilities, Friction, Coolant, and Other 81.9% Fig. 3. 1st law and 2nd law energy and exergy distribution in an internal combustion engine [21]. 2002, the transportation sector of Malaysia used about 40% of the total energy consumed as shown in Fig. 2. A number of irreversible processes in the engine limit its capability to achieve a highly balanced efficiency. The rapid expan- sion of gases inside the cylinder produces high temperature differ- ences, turbulent fluid motions and large heat transfers from the fluid to the piston crown and cylinder walls. These rapid successions of events happening in the cylinder create expanding exhaust gases with pressures that exceed the atmospheric level, and they must be released while the gases are still expanding to prepare the cylinder for the following processes. By doing so, the heated gases produced from the combustion process can be easily channeled through the exhaust valve and manifold. The large amount of energy from the stream of exhausted gases could potentially be used for waste heat energy recovery to increase the work output of the engine [10]. Consequently, higher efficiency, lower fuel consumption by improving fuel economy, producing fewer emissions from the exhaust, and reducing noise pollutions have been imposed as standards in some countries [11,12]. Hatazawa et al. [13], Stabler [14], Taylor [15], Yu and Chau [16] and Yang [17] stated that the waste heat produced from thermal combustion process generated by gasoline engine could get as high as 30–40% which is lost to the environment through an exhaust pipe. In addition, 12–25% of the available energy in a fuel will be used to drive the wheels and other accessories which technical descriptions of those literatures are heavily discussed in Refs. [14,15,18–20]. In internal combustion engines a huge amount of energy is lost in the form of heat through the exhaust gas. Conklin and Szybist [21] investigated that the percentage of fuel energy converted to useful work only 10.4% and also found the thermal energy lost through exhaust gas about 27.7%. The second law (i.e., exergy) analysis of fuel has been shown that fuel energy is converted to the brake power about 9.7% and the exhaust about 8.4% as shown in Fig. 3. In another research [22] the value of exhaust gases mentioned to be 18.6% of total combustion energy. It is also found that by installing heat exchanger to recover exhaust energy of the engine could be saved up to 34% of fuel saving [23]. 2. Thermoelectric energy conversion technology 2.1. Background of thermoelectric generator Being one of the promising new devices for an automotive waste heat recovery, thermoelectric generators (TEG) will become one of the most important and outstanding devices in the future. Within the recent years, the revival of interests into clean energy production has brought TEG technology into the attention of many scientists and engineers. Mori et al. [24] studied the potentials of thermoelectric technology in regards to fuel econ- omy of vehicles by implementing thermoelectric (TE) materials available in the market and certain industrial techniques on a 2.0 l gasoline powered vehicle. Hussain et al. [25] studied the effects of thermoelectric waste heat recovery for hybrid vehicles. Stobart and Milner [26] explored the possibility of thermoelectric regen- eration in vehicles in which they found out that the 1.3 kW output of the TE device could potentially replace the alternator of a small passenger vehicle. Stobart et al. [27] reviewed the potentials in fuel saving of thermoelectric devices for vehicles. They concluded that up to 4.7% of fuel economy efficiency could be achieved. From these articles, the understanding of TEG technology has been comprehensively discussed as a promising new technology to recover waste heat from internal combustion engines. Studies on thermoelectric devices are still an ongoing matter. TE devices may potentially produce twice the efficiency as compared to other technologies in the current market [28]. TEG is used to convert thermal energy from different temperature gradients existing between hot and cold ends of a semiconductor into electric energy as shown in Fig. 4. This phenomenon was discovered by Thomas Johann Seebeck in 1821 and called the ‘‘Seebeckeffect’’. The device offers the conversion of thermal energy into electric current in a simple and reliable way. Advan- tages of TEG include free maintenance, silent operation, high reliability and involving no moving and complex mechanical parts as compared to Rankine cycle system [29] which will be discussed in the next section of this study. In regards with the applicability of TEG in modern engines, the ability of ICEs to convert fuel into useful power can be increased through the utilization of the mentioned device. By converting the waste heat into electricity, engine performance, efficiency, reliability, and design flexibility could be improved significantly. The fuel effi- ciency of gasoline powered, diesel and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) that utilize the power generation of IC engine is as low as 25% and conversely as much as 40% of fuel energy can be lost in the form of waste heat through an exhaust pipe [30]. An increase of 20% of fuel efficiency can be easily achieved by converting about 10% of the waste heat into electricity [17,31]. Furthermore, secondary loads from the engine drive trains can be eliminated with the help of TEG system, and as a result torque andPDF Image | Heat Condensing Operating Parameters ElectraTherm
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