PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 004
5652 R. Saidur et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 5649–5659 Fig. 4. Schematic of a typical thermoelectric device [32,33,67]. horsepower losses from the engine can be reduced. This would help to reduce engine weight and direct the most of the increased power to the drive shaft, which would in turn help to improve the performance and fuel economy. Additionally, the possibility of minimizing the battery needs and exhaustion of vehicle battery life while permitting operation of specific accessories during engine off can be achieved by utilizing TEG [17]. 2.2. TEG in the automotive industry For an automobile engine, there are two main exhaust heat gas sources which are readily available. The radiator and exhaust gas systems are the main heat output of an IC engine [34]. The radiator system is used to pump the coolant through the cham- bers in the heat engine block to avoid overheating and seizure [30]. Conversely, the exhaust gas system of an IC engine is used to discharge the expanded exhaust gas through the exhaust mani- fold. Zhang and Chau [30] reported that presently TEG is mostly installed in the exhaust gas system (exhaust manifold) due to its simplicity and low influence on the operation of the engine. Furthermore, TEG system including the heat exchanger is com- monly installed in the exhaust manifold suitable for its high temperature region [17]. Basically, a practical automotive waste heat energy recovery system consists of an exhaust gas system, a heat exchanger, a TEG system, a power conditioning system, and a battery pack as shown in Fig. 5; with the operation of the TEG waste heat recovery system described as follows [16]: i) During the normal operation of an internal combustion engine, the produced waste heat released through the exhaust manifold is captured by the heat exchanger mounted on the catalytic converter of the exhaust gas system. Fig. 5. A typical waste heat energy recovery system [16]. ii) Electricity is then generated from the thermal energy cap- tured by the heat exchanger after it is transferred to the TEG system. iii) Power conditioning is performed by the power converter to achieve maximum power transfer. 2.3. Challenges of TEG The primary challenge of using TEG is its low thermal effi- ciency (typically Ztho4%) [35]. Thermoelectric materials effi- ciency depends on the thermoelectric figure of merit, Z; a material constant proportional to the efficiency of a thermoelectric couple made with the material. Karri et al. [36] stated that future thermoelectric materials show the promise of reaching signifi- cantly higher values of the thermoelectric figure of merit, Z, and thus higher efficiencies and power densities can be obtained. Materials such as BiTe (bismuth telluride), CeFeSb (skutterudite), ZnBe (zinc–beryllium), SiGe (silicon–germanium), SnTe (tin tell- uride) and new nano-crystalline or nano-wire thermoelectric materials are currently in development stage to improve the conversion efficiency of TEGs [37]. BiTe-based bulk thermoelectric material is mostly used in waste heat recovery power generation due to its availability in the market and high applicability in low and high exhaust gas temperature range [37]. The performance of a thermoelectric material can be expressed as ZT1⁄4S2T/kr, where S is the thermo power, T the absolute temperature, k the total thermal conductivity, and r the electrical resistance [33]. Another challenge which is considerable is bigger size of the radiator and extended piping to the exhaust manifold. This problem can be mitigated by using a nanofluid in a radiator system. By using nanofluid, the size and weight of an automotive car radiator could be reduced without affecting its heat transfer performance [38–40]. 2.4. Recent development of TEG in automotive industry TEG could be coupled with various other devices to maximize its potential. Yu and Chau [16] has proposed and implemented an automotive thermoelectric waste heat recovery system by adopt- ing a Cuk converter and a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) controller into its proposed system as tools for power condition- ing and transfer. The other exciting development of TEG is the combination of thermoelectric and photovoltaic (PV) systems which can be called as a hybrid system. Zhang and Chau [30] proposed the TE-PV system coupled with MPPT controller to achieve maximum power output. They reported that the power improvement is recorded from 7.5% to 9.4% when the hot-side temperature of the TEG is heated from 100 1C to 250 1C and the irradiance of PV generator (PVG) is fixed at 1000W/m2.PDF Image | Heat Condensing Operating Parameters ElectraTherm
PDF Search Title:
Heat Condensing Operating Parameters ElectraThermOriginal File Name Searched:
Dr.Saidur_Techn.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)