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ETC’s contain an outer tube, then a vacuum, then an inner tube, then a heat pipe. The outer and inner tubes are separated by a vacuum to reduce the heat loss from the collector since very little heat is transferred through the vacuum. Each one of these tubes is connected in series by a main header. Evacuated tubes are made of two or three different pipes concentrically aligned within each other. The outer most tube is usually glass that is lined with a type of selective coating, usually bromide. This coating is installed to add to the selective emissivity as well as to guarantee the vacuum is held between the pipes. The heat from the sun is trapped in the inner tube by the vacuum and causes the fluid in the heat pipe to evaporate and flow to the top of the header where water flows across the header and causes the fluid to condense and flow back to the bottom of the ETC where it is heated by the sun and the process repeats itself. The fluid in the heat pipe is usually glycol since it has a low freezing point and a low boiling point. ETC’s have many advantages over flat plate collectors. ETC’s can produce water at an almost constant temperature throughout the entire year because of their high heat absorption and low heat loss coefficient whereas flat plate collectors’ performance is greatly affected by the ambient temperature of its environment due to their high losses. The last type of solar thermal collectors is concentrating arrays. These are devices that concentrate and amplify the sun’s rays in order to produce higher output temperatures and can be used in direct steam generation or power production cycles. Many types of concentrators exist; the most common types are parabolic troughs, parabolic dishes, Fresnel collectors, and heliostat field collectors. All of these types of collectors can be seen in Figure 4.4. 76PDF Image | NESTER, RYAN TIMOTHY. Organic Rankine Cycles: A Comparative Study and Analysis of Multiple Applications.
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