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enable operation with changing heat source conditions, and (g) fully automated design, including automatic synchronization and safe shut-down. Other advantages should not be overlooked. In areas where water is scarce air cooling is preferred, yet this is not a practical solution with small steam turbines due to the large piping sizes and cost of the vacuum system. However, most OEC plants have utilized air-cooled condensers, which results in less maintenance, no chemicals for cooling tower water-treatment purifying, and zero pollution or waste (such as blowdown from cooling towers). Also, as pointed out, there is less concern of freezing with the OEC. The higher availability possible with the OEC units means fewer power outages resulting in a consistent and reliable power supply. Obviously, the ability to perform all of the maintenance, including overhaul, on-site is an advantage appreciated by plant owners and operators. Furthermore, small OEC systems are pre-assembled as packaged units in sizes that correspond to many gas turbine bottoming cycles. The availability of such standard packages significantly reduces the front end and custom engineering cost of the bottoming cycle. 3. APPLICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE WITH ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE SYSTEMS A. Geothermal Power Plants The application of ORC cycles to recover the heat from geothermal resources has steadily increased and achieved general acceptance. In these cases the geothermal heating source may be a low temperature brine, a moderate enthalpy two-phase flow, or a high enthalpy steam dominated resource. Approximately 600 MW of geothermal power plants using this technology have been installed in 18 countries. OEC modules ranging in power from 1 to 30 MW have been installed in over 40 geothermal power plants (e.g., 125 MW geothermal power plant in the Philippines). B. Early Heat Recovery Applications OECs, using the same ORC principle, have also been used to recover industrial plant waste heat (either steam or fuel gases). For example, a 750 kW OEC unit was installed in 1985 at Union Carbide (California) utilizing industrial waste heat in the form of a mixture of superheated process steam and non-condensable gases. Similar units have also been installed in Europe, Japan and in the People’s Republic of China. C. Microturbine For Unattended Distributed Power Initial demonstration and commercial application of ORC cycles began over 30 years ago. ORMAT has produced over 3000 units which have been manufactured for various applications. These units, known as ORMAT Energy Converters (OEC), were designed for both high availability and low maintenance. The earliest units, with power ratings from 200 to 3000 Watts, are employed in remote areas to produce power along oil pipelines for valve operation and cathodic protection (e.g. the TransAlaska pipeline), or to supply reliable power in hazardous environments such as unattended offshore gas platforms, for telemetry, communications, control and battery charging. These units have been installed in over 55 countries and have accumulated over 150 million operating hours, with demonstrated mean time between faults (MTBF) of over 20 years. 4. CONCLUSIONS The use of OEC has matured to a field-proven and highly reliable technology. ORC cycles have demonstrated advantages over conventional steam cycles and are particularly applicable to geothermal power plants and the recovery of waste heat, while providing distinct cost and environmental advantages.PDF Image | ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE POWER PLANT FOR WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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