PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 005
Generations between migration 2 e s r n n a / r u ◦ g Table 2: Genetic algorithm parameters fluid candidates which result in the highest cycle efficiency, 3. Results Results from optimisation of the process, fluid and pressure are presented. A range of t are relevant to the heat recoivnergyenoefralla,rwgeasminavreinsteigdaitesde.l Feniguinres3rpurnenseintgs athtedtiffhreerent load Figure 3 presents the three fluid candidates which results in the highest cycle net wo Parameter Setting at their respective optimum processes and pressures ver- sus the heat source inlet temperature. The boiler pressure Generations 15 Sub-popurlaetsiopnesctiveop15timumprocessesandpressuresversustheheatsourceinlettemperature.T is the optimum in the range of 5 to 120 bar, the upper Generation gap 0.8 Mutation rate 0.5 Generations between migration 2 • Supercritical solutions are optional and so is the in- ternal recuperator. The effects on thermal efficiency of imposing require- ments on health, fire and physical hazards were studied by using the HMIS (Hazardous Materials Identification Sys- tem) framework [16]. At hazard level four the fluid is life threatening in case of exposure(s); it may ignite sponta- neously with air and is able to chemically react in an explo- sive manner. At hazard level one the fluid may only cause irritation upon exposure; it will only burn if preheated and is chemically stable under normal conditions. Individuals Pre-scan Cross-over rate 1 is the optimum in the range of 5 to 120 bar, the upper limit being considered the maximu Insertiotnyrpaete of appl0i.c9ation. Migration rate 0.2 limit being considered the maximum feasible for this type of application. R365mfc (32.3) 240 pentane (33.4) 180 It is clear that the optimum pressures do not approach c-hexane (82.5) benzene (47.6) toluene (40.7) 360 300 hexane (51.2) c-pentane (56.7) heptane (25.4) i-pentane (33.7) i-pentane (16.9) i-hexane (7.8) hexane (5.8) which optimises parameters for any given model. The pa- the upper limit of 120 bar in any of the cases. All the fluids part of a population. The fittest individuals are combined, carbons with 5-7 carbon atoms and a molecular weight as in nature, to form subsequent generations of individu- als. The GA uses a stochastic approach to form the first of 70-100 g/mol except R365mfc which contains fluor and weighs 148 g/mol. (by the net work output) in order to obtain the inputs that result in optimal performance for the modelled system. 5 0 10 20 30 40 Process thermal efficiency % Figure 3: Optimum fluid and pressure (bar) at temperatures from 2.4. The Genetic Algorithm Figure 3: Optimum fluid and pressure (bar) at temperatures from 180 to 360 C with no co Building on the principles of natural selection, the Ge- 180 to 360◦C with no constraints. netic Algorithm (GA) [17] is an optimisation algorithm It is clear that the optimum pressures do not approach the upper limit of 120 bar i rametersareemulatedasgeneAslolftihnediflvuidiudaslsinwFhicghuraere3arefluidsofthedryorganictype,i.e.hydrocarbonswith5-7c in Figure 3 are fluids of the dry organic type, i.e. hydro- molecular weight of 70-100 g/mol except R365mfc which contains flour and weighs 148 g An investigation was made of the effects on process, fluid type and pressure, and generation of individuals. In the presented work, the genes were parameters (fluid and boileoruptrpeussturcea)utsoebde bevyalsuimatepdlifying the cycle by removing the recuperator. In Figure 4 res An investigation was made of the effects on process, fluid type and pressure, and resulting efficiency caused by simplifying the cycle b◦y removing the recuperator. In Fig- maximum net power is about 7% lower at 180 C and ranging up to 9% lower at 360 ure 4 results show that the maximum efficiency is about The number of individuals was set based on balanc- with recuperated cycles. Reg6a%rdloinwgertahte1s8e0coCndanadnrdanthginrdg ubpestto o1p2%tiolnows,etrhaet d36e0crCea,se is sli ing between low computing time and high accuracy, and due to having 109 different possible working fluids, a large number of individuals was required. Table 2 lists the GA parameters used [17]. To reduce the number of individuals, a preliminary scanning was applied consisting of discard- ing fluids for which the condensation pressure could not be determined as well as those where the condensation pres- sure was higher than the maximum pressure of the cycle. Also discarded were fluid candidates which were unable to comply with the required hazard levels, as well as fluids banned or about to be banned in the near future (R115, R124, R141B, R142B, R11, R12, R21, R22, R113, R114 and R123 [4]). 3. Results 3.1. General influence of the heat source inlet temperature Results from optimisation of the process, fluid and pressure are presented. A range of temperatures which are relevant to the heat recovery of large marine diesel engines ◦◦ in comparison with recuperated cycles. Regarding the sec- 9 Several sources mention the importance of having a reduced boiler pressure. Drescher et al. [8] mention 20 bar due to safety and cost concerns. Lai et al. [18] mention that the 20 bar limit has come from legal prescriptions in certain countries. Kuo et al. [7] argue for a limit of 25 bar in order to keep material costs down (for small scale systems). The consequences of a 20 bar limit on the cycle are up to 2.5% lower efficiency for the best fluids and up to 6% for the third best fluids compared to when the limit is 120 bar; see Figure 5. The largest decreases are seen at higher source temperatures. All fluids are of the dry type, ond and third best options, the decrease is higher. With the simple process layout the best fluids are not of the dry type exclusively, but instead wet (ethanol) and isentropic (acetone) while c2-butene is vaguely dry. This indicates that dry fluids are dependent on a recuperator to achieve superior efficiency. However, the difference in efficiency be- tween the best fluid and the two other (dry) alternatives is minor (3-5%). ◦ Heat source temperature ◦CPDF Image | organic Rankine cycles for waste heat recovery in marine settings
PDF Search Title:
organic Rankine cycles for waste heat recovery in marine settingsOriginal File Name Searched:
Design_and_optimisation_postPrint.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)