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Recoverable EGS Resource Estimates where Qrec = recoverable thermal energy content of the reservoir Qtotal = total thermal energy content of the reservoir = active reservoir volume/total reservoir volume = rock density (kg/m3) Vtotal = total reservoir volume (m3) Vactive = active or effective reservoir volume (m3) Cr = rock specific heat (J/kg °C) Tr,i = mean initial reservoir rock temperature (°C) To = mean ambient surface temperature (°C) Tr,a = mean rock temperature at which reservoir is abandoned (°C). The rate of heat extraction from the rock depends on the difference between the temperature of the rock and the temperature of the circulating water at any point within the reservoir. The larger this difference, the more quickly heat will move from the rock into the water and, in the end, the more heat that can be extracted from the rock. On the one hand, if the cool injected water reaches the production well without being sufficiently heated, the total amount of heat mined from the rock will be less than expected, and the project will not achieve its design conditions. On the other hand, if there is no decline in produced fluid temperature over time, then the flow rate is not high enough to efficiently mine the heat contained in the rock. And, again, the project will not be economically optimized because less total thermal energy will be recovered. Ideally, we want to maximize the total amount of useful energy extracted from the reservoir. The total energy extracted is given by the time integral over the production period of the instantaneous rate of heat extraction from the rock. For an EGS reservoir, the heat extraction rate is equal to the product of the mass flow rate and the specific enthalpy difference between the produced and reinjected fluid. If we increase the mass flow rate too much, the produced fluid temperature and its specific enthalpy will both decline, offsetting a potential increase in heat extraction rate. At some mass flow rate, an optimal balance is achieved between heat extraction rate and thermal drawdown rate. In addition, there are issues concerning the efficiency of converting the extracted thermal energy to electrical energy. If we had a completely flexible powerconversion system that could use any temperature of fluid to generate electric power or extract usable heat – although at varying efficiency – we could cool the rock significantly and continue to use the same surface equipment. Real electric generating power plants, heat pumps, or heat exchangers are designed for a specific set of conditions. The larger the difference between design conditions and actual operating conditions, the less efficient the equipment will become. This places a practical lower limit on the circulating fluid temperature, and consequently a lower limit on the average temperature of the rock in contact with the fluid. We call this latter temperature the “reservoir abandonment temperature,” Tr,a. The thermal drawdown that occurs in a reservoir will be confined to a localized rock volume defined, in part, by the positions of the injector and producer wells in the stimulated region. The approach for restoring plant output when the thermal drawdown becomes too large will be to drill new infill wells Chapter 3 37PDF Image | Recoverable EGS
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