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46 Chapter 4 Review of EGS and Related Technology – Status and Achievements The most important conclusion from all this prior work regarding the development of EGS as a powerproducing technology is that we can probably form an EGS reservoir at any depth and anywhere in the world that has both a temperature high enough for energy conversion and sufficient farfield connectivity through existing natural fractures. Nonetheless, uncertainties still exist, for example, regarding the natural state of stress and rock properties, even within wellcharacterized geologic regions. Most important, the existence of anisotropic stresses in the rock as a prerequisite for stimulation by shear failure is fundamentally different than normal practice in oil and gasbearing formations. Other aspects of the reservoir structure may cause operational problems downhole, such as mapping existing major faults and fractures that may act as flow barriers or conduits – and cause problems for our system. Today, because of a limited understanding, we cannot predict the longterm effect of injecting water – which is not in chemical or thermal equilibrium with the rock – into the reservoir. Dissolution and precipitation will certainly occur at different points in the system, leading to both improvements and reductions in permeability. If a highly permeable fracture exists (or develops) in the system, it can result in a short circuit that may require aggressive remediation, such as drilling a sidetrack into a new area of rock. Sustained pressurization may also lead to unproductive volumetric reservoir growth and higher water losses. Many features associated with the technical feasibility of EGS/HDR technology have been demonstrated at more than one site in the past 30 years. However, the major shortcoming of the field testing, so far, is that circulation rates through the stimulated regions have been below commercially viable rates. Recent progress at Soultz and Cooper Basin suggests that the ability to reach commercial levels is reasonably close, as will be discussed later in this chapter. Taking all uncertainties collectively, we have not yet seen any “show stoppers” to making EGS work technically. While a given stimulation method may not provide for efficient, costeffective heat mining at today’s energy prices, it still extracts net energy. Field efforts have repeatedly demonstrated that EGS wells can be drilled; preexisting, sealed fractures at depth can be stimulated; and a connection can be made between wells. Fluid can be circulated through the network and heated to economic temperatures; and we can maintain the circulation, and use the heat from the produced fluid directly – or use it to generate electricity.PDF Image | Review of EGS and Related Technology
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