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Review of EGS and Related Technology – Status and Achievements Chapter 4 413 • Techniques were developed to reduce pressure drop in and near the wellbore, often referred to as wellbore impedance. • Models of flow and heat transfer were developed that, along with data collected during testing, can be used to predict the behavior of the EGS reservoir. • The thermalhydraulic performance of the recirculating Phase I system was successfully modeled, and indicated approximately 10,000 m2 of effective surface area when matched to field data. This area is too small by about a factor of 100 for a commercialscale system. • Techniques using chemical tracers, active and passive acoustic emissions methods, and other geophysical logging techniques can be used to map the created fractures. • At the deeper depths required to reach higher rock temperatures (> 300°C), wells could still be drilled, fractures created through hydraulic stimulation, and the fractured volume mapped. • Although it took some effort, the fractured volume could be intersected by drilling into the mapped fractures. • Connections between the wells could be established and fluids circulated at commercial temperatures for extended time periods. • The high pressures needed to keep the Phase II fractures open caused operational problems and required substantial amounts of power. • Although the reservoir had the potential of producing 1 million m2 of heattransfer surface, based on the fluid volume pumped, the fracture pattern that was observed did not match that predicted by early modeling. • The reservoir could be circulated in such a manner that the fractured volume did not continue to grow and, thus, water losses were minimized. • If injection pressures were lowered to reduce water loss and reservoir growth, the flow rates were lower than desired, due to higher pressure drop through the reservoir. If water was injected at high enough pressures to maintain high flow rates, the reservoir grew and water losses were high. This meant that the fractures were being jacked open under highinjection pressures, causing extension of the fractures and increased permeability. At lower pressures, this did not happen, so the pressure drop was higher and flow rates much lower. • Hightemperature tools and equipment for downhole use had to be developed and adapted to evaluate the stress regime; determine the orientation of preexisting fractures; monitor downhole pressure, temperature, and flow rates; and to provide geophysical data on the reservoir. Much of this equipment was developed by the national laboratory as needed and was not intended for commercial use.PDF Image | Review of EGS and Related Technology
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