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4.5 Hijiori Chapter 4 Review of EGS and Related Technology – Status and Achievements 4.5.1 Project history From 1981 to 1986, the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) participated in a joint research effort into the development of geothermal energy through stimulation of low permeability rock at Fenton Hill, New Mexico. This was carried out with the United States and West Germany under an implementation agreement of the International Energy Agency (IEA). Based on this research, NEDO conducted studies in Hijiori to determine whether the technology developed at Fenton Hill could be adapted to the geological conditions found in Japan. The Hijiori site is in Yamagata Prefecture, on the Japanese island of Honshu (Figure 4.8). The project was sited on the southern edge of Hijiori caldera, a small caldera on the side of the large Pleistocene Gassan volcano, which last erupted about 10,000 years ago. The location was chosen to take advantage of the high temperature gradient in this area of recent volcanic activity. The area had been extensively mapped and some temperature gradient drilling had been carried out (Figure 4.9). Although the regional tectonics are compressional along the axis of the island of Honshu, the stress regime near the edge of the caldera is very complex. Major faults along with ring fractures associated with the caldera collapse cause stress changes both horizontally and vertically over short distances. The shallow reservoir was drilled starting in 1989. One injector (SKG2) and three producers (HDR 1, HDR2, and HDR3) were drilled between 1989 and 1991. The depth of all but HDR1 was about 1,800 m – HDR1 was completed at a depth of 2,151 m. Natural fractures were intersected in all the wells at depths between 1,550 and 1,800 m depth; see Figure 4.10 (Swenson et al., 1999). The temperature reached more than 225°C at 1,500 m. The maximum temperature in the 1,800 m deep fractures was close to 250°C. The spacing between the wells was kept to fairly small distances: the distance from SKG2 to HDR1 is about 40 m, to HDR2 about 50 m, and to HDR3 about 55 m at the 1,800 m depth (Tenma et al., 2001) The deep reservoir – below 2,150 m – was accessed by deepening HDR2 (renamed HDR2a after deepening) and HDR3, between 1991 and 1995, to about 2,200 m. HDR1 was used as an injector for the deep reservoir. Natural fractures were intersected in all wells at about 2,200 m. The distance from HDR1 to HDR2a was about 80 m, and to HDR3 about 130 m at 2,200 m. Hydraulic fracturing experiments began in 1988 with 2,000 m3 of water injected into SKG2. The stimulation was carried out in four stages at rates of 1, 2, 4 and 6 m3/min. A 30day circulation test was conducted in 1989 following stimulation. A combination of produced water and surface water was injected into SKG2 at 12 m3/min (1734 kg/s), and steam and hot water were produced from HDR2 and HDR3. During the test, a total of 44,500 m3 of water was injected while 13,000 m3 of water was produced. The test showed a good hydraulic connection between the injector and the two producers, but more than 70% of the injected water was lost to the reservoir. However, the test was short and the reservoir continued to grow during the entire circulation period. 419PDF Image | Review of EGS and Related Technology
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