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Review of EGS and Related Technology – Status and Achievements Chapter 4 427 established on site with a core team (French, German, and British) to plan the work and coordinate the activities of various research teams from the participating countries. Teams from Italy, Switzerland, and, most recently, Norway, later joined the project; several researchers from the United States and Japan have also contributed. In 1987, the first well GPK1 was drilled to 2,002 m depth (see Figure 4.13) (after Baria et al., 2005). The drilling performance and experience achieved at Rosemanowes was not applied initially at Soultz. The drilling was difficult (directional control, lost circulation, and stuck pipe were the primary problems), and the budget was overrun. The depth was selected from the extrapolation of the available temperature in the first 1,000 m, leading to an expectation of about 200°C at 2,000 m. The temperature at 2,000 m was actually found to be 140°C, which was caused by convective loops within the granite basement (Baria et al., 2006). The sediment is about 1,400 m thick and it overlays a granitic basement. The majority of the old oil wells were drilled only to about 800–1,000 m depth. The depth to the granite was derived from the interpretation of seismic reflection surveys carried out by oil companies. In 1988, three existing former oil wells were deepened, so that they penetrated the granite to provide good coupling for seismic sondes – as experience at Rosemanowes had shown to be necessary. A seismic network, based on those used at Rosemanowes and Fenton Hill, was designed and installed. In 1990, an existing oil well, designated EPS1, was deepened from a depth of 930 m by continuous coring to 2,227 m, where a temperature of 150°C was encountered. Despite drilling problems (largely related to directional control difficulties with coring), which stopped the project from reaching the planned depth of 3,200 m, this gave a very sound characterization of the natural fracture network. In 1991, GPK1 was stimulated with high flow rates targeting the openhole section from 1,4202,002 m. A fractured volume of 10,000 m3 was created based on microseismic mapping. It is possible that a natural fracture was intersected that stopped fracture growth and allowed for loss of injected fluid. In 1992, GPK1 was deepened from 2,0023,590 m, reaching a temperature of 168°C. The deepening of GPK1 was successful, and although the contact depth for deepening was 3,200 m depth (anticipated 180°C), the actual depth drilled was 3,590 m because of the use of experienced drilling personnel who had worked in Los Alamos and Rosemanowes. The following year, GPK1 was again stimulated, using large flow rates as used at Los Alamos and Rosemaowes, this time targeting the newly drilled segment from 2,850 to 3,590 m. There was a belief that in a slightly tensional regime like that of Soultz, large scale injection was not necessary and one could access the flowing network just by improving the connection from the well to the network. This was found not to be true, and largescale injections were necessary to create the connectivity needed (Baria et al., 1998). GPK1 was then flowtested in 1994 by producing back the injected fluid.PDF Image | Review of EGS and Related Technology
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