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Review of EGS and Related Technology – Status and Achievements Chapter 4 433 drilled to a depth of 1,946 m near the central region of the anomaly, and more than 1 km of continuous core samples were taken to identify the rocks present and their physical properties. The results of the project stimulated commercial interest in Australia’s hot dry rock resources to such an extent that a new company, Geodynamics Limited, was successfully floated on the Australian Stock Exchange in 2002. This company has now acquired the Hunter Valley geothermal tenement from Pacific Power. However, Geodynamics’ main focus has been the Cooper Basin site. The Cooper Basin project is in South Australia, due north of Adelaide near the Queensland border (Figure 4.14). The plan for the project is to demonstrate feasibility of an EGS system in an area with large volumes of hightemperature, fairly uniform granitic basement; and to extend the demonstration site to produce hundreds, if not thousands, of megawatts using advanced binary technology. Cooper Basin contains substantial oil and gas reserves. The regional stress is overthrust, as is much of Australia. A largescale gravity low in the deepest part of the basin cannot be explained entirely by the basin itself and indicates the presence of granitic basement over an area of at least 1,000 km2. Oil exploration encountered hightemperature gradients in this area, and several wells intersected granitic basement containing high abundances of radiogenic elements. Three large leased areas known as Geothermal Exploration Licenses (GELs) lie over almost the entire interpreted granitic basement. Other companies have followed Geodynamics and started exploration for sites to carry out EGS programs, mostly in South Australia. This area is perceived to have many radiogenic granites and other uraniumrich rocks that could lead to high temperatures at relatively shallow depths in the crust. One such location, being developed by Petratherm, is at the Paralana/Callabonna site shown in Figure 4.14; and another is at Olympic Dam in South Australia, being developed by Green Rock Energy. The first Geodynamics well in the Cooper Basin (injection well Habanero1) was completed in October 2003 to a depth of 4,421 m near the McLeod1 well, an oilexploration well that penetrated granitic basement. Habanero1, which intersected granite at 3,668 m, is completed with a 6inch open hole. Data collected from oil and gas wells and from Habanero1 suggest that the granite is critically stressed for shear failure in a subhorizontal orientation. Some fractures (Figure 4.15) intersected in Habanero1 were discovered to be overpressured with water at 35 MPa (5000 psi) above hydrostatic pressure. To control the overpressure, the drilling fluids had to be heavily weighted. However, the fractures encountered were more permeable than expected; they also may have failed and slipped, improving their permeability and resulting in drilling fluids being lost into them. The bottomhole temperature was 250°C. Following completion of Habanero1, the well was stimulated in November and December 2003. Pressures up to about 70 MPa were used to pump 20,000 cubic meters of water into the fractures at flow rates stepped from 13.5 kg/s to a maximum of 26 kg/s. This first stimulation created a fractured volume estimated from acoustic emissions data estimated at 0.7 km3. The stimulation also involved attempts at injecting through perforated 7inch casing, at depths between 4,136 m and 3,994 m; but only the zone at 4,136 m took substantial fluid and generated microseismic events in new areas. Following the series of stimulations, the fractured volume had expanded to cover a horizontal pancakeshaped area of approximately 3 km2. The fractured volume forms a rough ellipsoid with thePDF Image | Review of EGS and Related Technology
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