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436 Chapter 4 Review of EGS and Related Technology – Status and Achievements 4.9.2 Europe and Australia Several sites in Europe and Australia, aside from the projects described above, have been used to test various aspects of EGS technology. The results of these tests and the governmentsponsored research conducted at these sites has led to two current projects being undertaken by commercial entities with little or no government support – one at Offenbach, Germany, and the other at Hunter Valley in Australia. Sweden – Fjällbacka. The Fjällbacka site is to the north of Uddevalla on the west coast of Sweden, where the Bohus granite outcrops. It was established in 1984 as a field research facility for studying hydromechanical aspects of HDR reservoir development and for addressing geological and hydro geological questions. Initially, three boreholes (Fjb0, Fjb1, and Fjb2) were percussion drilled to 200, 500, and 700 m, respectively, to characterize the prospective reservoir. Based on the experiments, and the associated analysis and modeling, some conclusions concerning the hydromechanical behavior of the HDR reservoir have been drawn. A series of shallow (ca. 200 m) and deepinjection tests were conducted to evaluate the response of the virgin rock mass. These culminated in an attempt to develop a reservoir at 450 m depth, by a carefully planned stimulation injection into Fjb1 that featured water, gel, and proppant. Microseismicity was monitored with an array of 15 verticalcomponent instruments on granite outcrop and a threecomponent instrument clamped near the bottom of Fjb0. An additional well, Fjb3, was then drilled to 500 m depth in 1988 to intersect a zone of microseismic activity that lay about 100 m to the west of Fjb1. Hydraulic communication between the wells was successfully established, although flow tests indicated the presence of an impedance to flow in the vicinity of Fjb3. Thus, a stimulation injection into Fjb3 was conducted, and succeeded in reducing the flow impedance, at least in the near field. A 40day circulation of the system was conducted in 1989. Results are summarized as follows: • Highly detailed reservoir characterization led to a detailed design of the stimulation program. • Located in a tectonic shield structure – where the state of stress at reservoir depth is such that the least principal stress is vertical – horizontal fractures form the preferred paths for fluid flow. • The hydraulic stimulation in Fjb1 resulted in a distinct increase in transmissivity in the stimulated reservoir section, and potential stimulation effects to about 100 m from this well. • The evidence of penetration of stimulation fluid, at least to this distance where intense microseismic activity was located, is indisputable. But the relation between seismic shear events and fracture permeability increase is still insufficiently understood. • Hydraulic jacking is expected to have occurred in the fractures close to the injection well. • Natural fractures dominate the stimulation result. • The microseismic locations were used to target the second well of the HDR doublet, and the results clearly suggest that the regions of seismicity are linked with permeability enhancement and major fluid flow. • The reservoir provides fairly conductive paths between the wells, but the impedance to flow and fluid losses are too high to enable an economically acceptable circulation and heatextraction process. • There seem to be comparatively few hydraulically active fractures linking the major permeable zones in the two wells. However, at this shallow depth, the fracture system is essentially subhorizontal and not representative of behavior at greater depths.PDF Image | Review of EGS and Related Technology
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