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438 Chapter 4 Review of EGS and Related Technology – Status and Achievements • Among other findings, the Falkenberg experiments proved that hydraulic pressure alone could keep joints open. Germany – Bad Urach. Between 1977 and 1980, a largescale investigation was undertaken of the geothermal anomaly around the area of Urach, in the Swabian Alps, approximately 50 km south of Stuttgart. In addition to examining the scale and nature of the anomaly, the intention was to assess the possibility of utilizing hot aquifers for heating purposes, and also to examine the basement rocks with the view toward future extraction of geothermal energy through HDR (Tenzer, 2001). The work was conducted by the ForschungsKollegium Physik des Erdkörpers (FKPE), a group comprising academic and government research institutes. This group worked in conjunction with a group from the town of Bad Urach, whose objectives were to investigate the availability of hot aquifers for expansion of the spa operation, as well as other applications. Early work consisted of an intensive geophysical and geological survey of the area. This included the drilling of two 800 m deep geothermal exploration boreholes (Urach I and II), in 1970 and 1974, into the Middle Triassic Muschelkalk formation. In October 1977, drilling began on a deep exploration borehole, Urach III. This was completed after 231 days of drilling, reaching a target depth of 3,334 m and penetrating approximately 1,700 m into the crystalline basement. Drillcore was obtained over approximately 7% of the crystalline section. In 1983, the uncased section of Urach III was extended to 3,488 m. Subsequent testing included BHTV logging and a single hydrofracture stress measurement at 3,350 m depth. A series of smallscale stimulations with subsequent fluid circulation occurred between May and August 1979. During the course of these experiments, a micasyenite section of the crystalline basement was stimulated seven times over four depth intervals: one openhole section and three zones accessed through perforated casing. The stimulations carried out through the three zones of perforated casing involved the use of viscous gel and proppant. The perforated sections had a vertical separation of only 70 m. A circulation loop was established between the openhole stimulated section (3,320 m–3,334 m) and the casedhole stimulation between 3,293 m–3,298 m depth. A total of 12 circulation tests were attempted, the most successful of which lasted six hours and 12 hours (Tenzer, 2001). Over the depth range of the HDR stimulation and circulation experiments (in the micasyenite between 3,250 and 3,334 m), the fracture density was of the order 0.7 per meter. These open fractures were reported as having encrustations of calcite and pyrite, while the closed joints were largely filled with quartz. It was further noted that the fracture dips ranged from 40°–70°. Limited in situ stress data have been provided by borehole breakouts, by a single hydraulic fracturing stress measurement (HFSM), by fracture inflation pressures, and by the orientation of drilling induced fractures. Breakouts identified over the depth range of 3,334 m to 3,488 m exhibited a consistent trend of approximately 82°, indicating a maximum horizontal stress orientated at 172°. This result is consistent with the observed strike of drillinginduced, subvertical extension fractures observed in Urach III.PDF Image | Review of EGS and Related Technology
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