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Review of EGS and Related Technology – Status and Achievements Chapter 4 441 tests. Microseismic events induced during these experiments were monitored on a 15station array (mostly threecomponent with two downhole) that allowed event locations to be determined to within 4.5 m horizontally and 10 m vertically. The seismic data set featured the best sampling of the seismic radiation field attained at that time in a HDR field experiment. More than 35 events were recorded on sufficient stations to yield fairly wellconstrained focal mechanism solutions. The analysis of these focal mechanisms is particularly interesting, because they are used to constrain the local stresses driving fracture failure. Another novel aspect of the work at Le Mayet was the deployment of an array of tiltmeters to monitor surface deformation occurring in response to fluid injection. This deformation reflects the elastic field resulting from dilation of the joints/fractures, and should be detectable if fractures dilate as much as conventional theory predicts. In summary: • Borehole packers were used to isolate several zones, so that a succession of stimulated zones was created. • The result was a largescale fractured heatexchange area with good connection between two boreholes. • Tiltmeters were successfully used to monitor the growth of fractures. Germany – Horstberg. Due to their low transmissivity, most sedimentary formations in the northern German basin are not considered for the extraction of geothermal energy. To overcome these limitations, the GeneSysproject was initiated at the GEOZENTRUM, Hannover (Behrens et al., 2006). It is intended to investigate concepts that allow the use of the widespread lowpermeability sediments for geothermal energy extraction and, ultimately, to supply heat for the complex of buildings of the GEOZENTRUM, Hannover. The hydraulicfracturing technique successfully applied in crystalline rocks for the creation of HDR systems will be used to create largescale fractures covering areas in the order of km2 in the sediments to increase the productivity of the well to the required flow rates. Because a thermal power of approximately 2 MWt is required for the supply of the GEOZENTRUM, only relative low production rates are required, which can be realized with a one well concept. Such a concept, where the well is simultaneously used for production and reinjection, can be operated economically even for a relatively low power output of a few MWt. This production is suitable for providing heat to large buildings, or districts, where a district heating system is available. To test concepts, a series of in situ tests were conducted in the abandoned gas exploration well Horstberg Z1. The well is operated as an in situ laboratory by BGR (Federal Institute for Natural Resources and Geosciences), which belongs to the GEOZENTRUM, Hannover. The experiments started in September 2003. The originally proposed concept envisioned that, by the creation of large fractures, the well would be connected to waterbearing joints, faults, fracture zones, or porous layers not directly accessed by the borehole. The hot water produced from these structures would be injected, after cooling, via the annulus of the same borehole into a permeable rock formation at shallower depth. Massive hydrofrac tests were performed in a sandstone layer of the Buntsandstone formation at a depth of approximately 3,800 m, by injecting more than 20,000 m3 of fresh water at flow rates up to 50 kg/s, and at wellhead pressures of about 33 MPa. Postfrac venting tests showed that the created fracture has a high storage capacity (about 1,000 m3/MPa) and covers an area of several hundred thousand square meters, indicating that the fracture not only propagated in the sandstone layer, but also fractured the adjacent claystone horizons. They also showed that the fracture, or at least part of the fracture, stayed open during pressure release, thus allowing venting flow rates of about 8.3 kg/s,PDF Image | Review of EGS and Related Technology
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