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Review of EGS and Related Technology – Status and Achievements Chapter 4 447 • Pumping the production well to get the highpressure drops needed for high flow rates without increasing overall reservoir pressure seems to reduce the risk of short circuiting while producing at high rates. High pressures on the injection well during longterm circulation can result in short circuits. Circulating the fluid by injecting at high pressures was found to consume energy while, at the same time, tending to develop shorter pathways through the system from the injector to the producer. High pressure injection during circulation also may cause the reservoir to continue to extend and grow, which may be useful for a portion of the time the field is operating – but may not create fractures that are in active heat exchange, given the system of wells that are in place. Highpressure injection can also result in fluid losses to those parts of the reservoir that are not accessed by the production wells. However, by pumping the production wells in conjunction with moderate pressurization of the injection well, the circulating fluid is drawn to the producers from throughout the stimulated volume of fractured rock, minimizing fluid loss to the far field. • The wells needed to access the stimulated volume can be targeted and drilled into the fractures. While drilling deep wells in hard, crystalline rock may still be fairly expensive, the cost technology has improved dramatically since the first EGS wells were drilled at Fenton Hill. Drill bits have much longer life and better performance, typically lasting as long as 50 hours even in deep, high temperature environments. The rate of penetration achievable in hard, crystalline rock and in high temperature environments is continually increasing, partly due to technology developments with funding from the U.S. government. As the oil and gas industry drills deeper, and into areas that previously could not be drilled economically, they will encounter higher temperatures and more difficult drilling environments. This will increase the petroleum industry’s demand for geothermal type drilling. Most geothermal wells need to have fairly large diameters to reduce pressure drop when flow rates are high. Directional control is now done with mud motors, reducing casing wear and allowing better control. Although high temperatures are a challenge for the use of measurementwhiledrilling (MWD) tools for controlling well direction, they did not exist when the first EGS well was drilled at Fenton Hill. Furthermore, the temperature range of these tools has been extended since they first became available. Mud motors are now being developed that can function not only at high temperatures, but also with aerated fluids. See Chapter 6 for further discussion. • Circulation for extended time periods without temperature drop is possible. Although early stimulated reservoirs were small, and longterm circulation tests showed measurable temperature drop, later reservoirs were large enough that no temperature drop could be measured during the extended circulation tests. It is difficult to predict how long the large reservoirs will last, because there is not enough measurable temperature change with time to validate the numerical models. Tracer test data can be used for model verification (see Chapter 5, Figure 5.3), but in cases where extremely large reservoirs have been created, tracer data may not be adequate for determining the important parameters of heatexchange area and swept volume. •Models are available for characterizing fractures and for managing the reservoir. Numerical simulation can model fluid flow in discrete fractures, flow with heat exchange in simple to complex fractures, in porous media and in fractured, porous media. Changes in permeability, temperature changes, and pressure changes in fractures can be fit to data to provide predictive methods. However, because longterm tests have not been carried out in the larger, commercialsized reservoirs, it is not yet known whether the models will adequately predict the behavior of suchPDF Image | Review of EGS and Related Technology
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