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448 Chapter 4 Review of EGS and Related Technology – Status and Achievements 4.11 Remaining Needs reservoirs. Rockfluid interactions in porous media or fractured, porous media can also be modeled, but their longterm effects are equally uncertain. Commercial fracture design codes do not take thermal effects into consideration in determining the fracturing outcome. Geothermal codes for fracture stimulation design purposes that do consider thermal, as well as hydraulic effects in fracture growth, are not yet developed (DuTeaux et al., 1996). • Induced seismicity concerns. In EGS tests at the Soultz site, microseismic events generated in the reservoir during stimulation and circulation were large enough to be felt on the surface. Efforts to understand how microearthquakes are produced by stimulation are ongoing, and new practices for controlling the generation of detectable microseismic events are developing. A predictive model that connects reservoir properties and operating parameters such as flow rate, volume injected, and pressure which might affect the generation of detectable microearthquakes is important to realizing the potential of EGS. Such a model has not been quantitatively established. Although we can make an EGS reservoir with connected wells in a deep, hightemperature rock volume, there are still many areas of technology improvement needed that will help make the process more economical and less risky. • Reduce pressure drop without decreasing reservoir life – We can stimulate a connected fracture system, but we have no way of stimulating specific fractures. This increases the risk that one or more high permeability fractures will be preferentially stimulated and result in too rapid a temperature decline. • Prevent or repair short circuits – Short circuiting of flow paths in the connected fracture system is a concern affecting reservoir lifetime. At Rosemanowes, Hijiori, and Ogachi, only some of the pre existing fractures that were stimulated resulted in short circuits. We would like to be able to direct the stimulation to those fractures that are less open and away from the more conductive fractures. This would reduce the risk of short circuiting while increasing the effective heatexchange area of the system. • Better understand the influence of major fractures and faults as subsurface barriers or conduits to flow – Largescale features such as faults and major fractures can act as either barriers or conduits to flow and can alter the planned flow paths, either to create short circuits or to move fluid out of the circulating reservoir. For instance, at Soultz, an aseismic zone, which could be either a conduit for flow or a barrier, appears in the acoustic emissions mapping. This feature seems to separate GPK4 from the rest of the wells and prevents this well from being wellconnected to the circulating reservoir. While some of the methods we develop for dealing with short circuits will help us deal with largescale faults and fractures, new methods of characterizing these features are still needed. Improving our understanding of the acoustic emissions patterns associated with these features will be one step in the process. We would also like to be able to characterize these features from the surface before we drill, so that we can take them into account during planning. • Characterizing rockfluid interactions – Despite efforts to model rockfluid interactions, there are still major questions to be answered. Geochemical data gathered during testing has not led to any understanding of what happened during each test, let alone an ability to predict how future reservoirs will react. Several questions remain:PDF Image | Review of EGS and Related Technology
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