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able to find replacement modules or adding additional modules to array. 2. Module efficiency is higher than thin film (12 to 14% versus 3 to 9%), so less modules are required for a specific power (takes up less space). 3. Lifetime over 30 years has been demonstrated and warranties up to 20 years are obtainable (thin film modules have only been around since 1988, and major problems with performance degradation with time for early models of thin film modules). 4. Can be disposed of in landfills while the thin film cadmium-telluride (CdTe) can not (e.g. CdTe is toxic). 5. Only slightly declining power output with time (~1% per year) while amorphous-silicon (a-Si) thin film modules experience about a 20% decrease in power output during first 6 months when exposed to sun, but performance decrease similar to multi- crystalline after initial 20% decrease (16). 6. Less likely to break since use tempered glass (manufacture of thin film modules currently requires the glass not to be tempered). The advantages of thin-film modules are: 1. Can generate higher voltage modules than multi- crystalline (high voltages important in water pumping applications above 200 Watts). 2. Since most of the multi-megawatt PV installations in world are cadmium-telluride, the price per Watt for thin film is cheaper for large PV installations. 3. Less percentage power loss for increased panel temperature for thin film compared to multi- crystalline. High voltage PV modules are only an advantage if the pump motor requires high voltage. Diaphragm pump motors are rated at 24V, so they don’t require high voltage modules. Helical and centrifugal pump motors (< 1 kW) usually are designed for voltages from 100 to 250 Volts, so higher voltage multi-crystalline and thin film modules have been used for these pumps. Fig 10 compares the pumping performance at a 75m a pumpingdepthof35V/160WPVBPSolar modulesto 65V/110W PV Grundfos modules (both multi-crystalline silicon). The 160W PV modules are rated at 24V, but actually output close to 35V. At a 75m pumping depth a single 160W module could not pump any water (due to low voltage) while a single 110W module and two 110W modules (220W) could pump water at this pumping depth. The lower voltage 160W PV modules at 320W and 480W power ratings were able to pump water at the 75m depth, a The mention of trade or manufacturer names is made for information only and does not imply an endorsement, recommendation, or exclusion by USDA – Agricultural Research Service. but at comparable PV power ratings of 330W and 440W, the higher voltage 110W PV modules could pump more water. However, for PV power ratings of 440W and 660W (110W higher voltage modules) and 640W (160W lower voltage modules), the pumping performance was the same due to the maximum pumping rate being reached by the helical pump. Fig 11 shows the daily water volume as a function of insolation for all cases shown in Fig 10 except for the lowest power cases (e.g. 110W and 220W). While these graphs show in terms of pumping performance the higher voltage PV modules are better, currently the 110W PV modules have been discontinued due to not enough demand, so any 110W modules broken can’t be replaced, so for now, the more common lower voltage modules are the better choice. Solar Powered Helical Pump 75m Head, 6SQF-2 Grundfos Pump Pump tested with BP Solar and Grundfos PV Modules 5 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Solar Irradiance - Watts/m^2 320W 480W 640W 110W 220W 330W 440W 660W BP Solar Modules are solid symbols Grundfos Modules (higher voltage) are open symbols 20 15 10 Fig. 10. 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Affect on Flow Rate of Same Type of Modules but at Different Voltage Ratings. Solar Powered Helical Pump 75m Head, 6SQF-2 Grundfos Pump 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 Daily Solar Energy (kWh/m^2) 320W (~68 Volts) 480W (~100 Volts) 640W (~140 Volts) 330W (~200 Volts) 440W (~235 Volts) 660W (~220 Volts) Fig. 11. Affect on Daily Water Volume of Same Type Modules but at Different Voltage Ratings. During testing at CPRL some thermal cracks occurred in a- Si thin film modules (BP Solar was manufacturer) due to the glass not being tempered. Although our testing of CdTe PV modules (Golden Photon was manufacturer) showed significant degradation (50%) over a 4 year period, another Daily Water Volume (liters) Flow Rate - Liters/MinutePDF Image | Solar Water Pumping for Home, Livestock Watering or Irrigation
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