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2.4 Selection of Pump Type There are four types of pumps which have been powered by solar-PV: diaphragm, piston, helical, and centrifugal. The first three pumps in the list above are referred to as positive displacement. Positive displacement pumps have the characteristic of being able to pump well at deeper pumping depths, but the flow rate is restricted. The characteristic of the centrifugal pump is opposite, it has higher flow rates, but not as good at pumping from deeper pumping depths unless the power rating is higher. Diaphragm pumps come in two types – high head (able to pump water from 70m pumping depth) and Quad (capable of flow rates up to 16 l/m but limited to 30m pumping depth). At USDA-ARS-CPRL we have seen these pumps survive over 6 years, but manufacturer usually recommends that pumps be pulled from well after 2 years and retrofitted with new parts (cost of retrofit only about $100 while replacement of pump is in $600 to $800 range). Fig 15, 16 and 17 show typical daily water volumes that these pumps are capable of. Sun Pumps High Head Diaphragm Pump Sun Pumps Quad Diaphragm Pump 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 160W PV --> 100W PV --> Fig. 15. Measured Sun Pumps High Head Diaphragm Pump Daily Water Volume. Fig. 17. Measured Sun Pumps Quad Diaphragm Pump Daily Water Volume. The 30m/100W PV case is not shown for Sun Pumps quad pump because the PV power was too low to pump water. The Sun Pumps has demonstrated good reliability since it has pumped at maximum design pumping depth (70m) for over 2 years. However, the Shurflo high head pump quit at this same pumping depth after 1.25 years. The Shurflo high head pump did exhibit better performance than the Sun Pumps high head pump at lower pumping depths. The piston pumps are usually driven by solar powered pump jack, and are predominantly used for very deep pumping depths (> 150 meters). The technology (borrowed from oil field) of balancing the long column of water with counter weight of pump jack allows these solar-PV systems to pump water from very deep pumping depths. We have not tested these systems at USDA-ARS-CPRL because it is not possible to simulate deep pumping depths with pressure (e.g. the sucker rod gets stuck in tight pressure seal), and wells this deep were not close by for testing. There has been a tremendous growth in the use of helical pumps since 2002. They are predominantly used for livestock watering at pumping depths ranging from 50 to 150 meters. Previous figures (10, 11, 14, 15) have shown the pumping performance of Grundfos helical pumps, but Fig 18 shows a comparison between the Grundfos 6SQF-2 pump and the Lorentz HR07-2 pump. While the Grundfos pump showed no signs of performance loss after 3 years of testing, the Lorentz HR07-2 pump did degrade significantly in performance (~50%) after less than one year of testing. The centrifugal pump is definitely the pump of choice for PV power requirements above 1.5 kW, but can also be the best pump at low pumping depths with high daily water requirements. Fig. 19 shows approximately the maximum pumping depth for a centrifugal pump with a PV array of 0.75 kW. A three phase motor is preferable over single 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 Daily Solar Energy (kWh/m^2) 20m/160W 30m/160W 20m/100W 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 Daily Solar Energy (kWh/m^2) 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 160W PV --> 100W PV --> 20m 30m 50m 70m 20m 30m 50m 70m Shurflo High Head Diaphragm Pump 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 Daily Solar Energy (kWh/m^2) 20m 30m 50m 70m 20m 30m 50m 70m Fig. 16. Measured Shurflo High Head Diaphragm Pump Daily Water Volume. 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 Daily Water Volume Daily Water Volume (liters) (liters) Daily Water Volume (liters)PDF Image | Solar Water Pumping for Home, Livestock Watering or Irrigation
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