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phase motor since pumping performance is higher and cost of the two motors is about the same. Pump Curves Annual Solar Energy = 6.24 kWh/m^2/day 11000 Centrifugal Centrifugal Pump Pump Hel ical Pum Diaphragm Pump Pist on Pump 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Lorentz --> Grundfos --> Helical Pump Comparison 480W PV Array (~105 Volts) 5.0 Daily Solar Energy (kWh/m^2) 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 p 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100110120 Pumping Depth (meters) 4.0 4.5 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 HR07-2(50m) HR07-2(75m) HR07-2(100m) 6SQF-2 (50m) 6SQF-2(75m) 6SQF-2(100m) Note: Grundfos 6SQF-2 data with 2003 Controller. Fig. 20. Determining Type of Pump for Different Daily Water Volume/Pumping Depth Combinations. Daily Water Demand & Solar Energy Available Amarillo, Texas (2007) 70 7 60 6 50 5 40 4 30 3 20 2 10 1 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Note: Solar Energy Measured at Fixed Angle, 25 deg (Spring/Summer), 45 deg (Fall/Winter), Latitude = 35 deg North Fig. 21. Monthly Water Demand for Different Uses in Amarillo, TX (2007). decided to select 3 specific cases of water demand for a specific year. Fig 21 shows for Amarillo, TX during 2007 the water requirements for 3 different uses (people, beef cattle, and corn) and also the solar resource. Since the diaphragm pumps are limited to 70m pumping depth and the pumping depth at Amarillo is 75m, diaphragm pumps should not be used. Assuming a 4 person household, the type pump required is the helical and the PV power required is 0.5kW (24V rated PV modules). Assuming 150 beef cattle, the type pump required will again be helical but the PV power required is 0.64kW (24V rated PV modules). For 50 hectares (126 acres) of corn (center pivot on a 1/4 section), the type pump required will be centrifugal with 200hp motor (depending on amount of water that can be pumped at well, may need lower horsepower pump motors for more than one well). The PV power required will be 263 kW. This last case demonstrates the problem with using solar energy to irrigate in the Great Plains. For single crop irrigation in the Texas Panhandle, the solar-PV generated electricity is not needed during 7 months of the year. Combining a summer crop (corn, cotton, sorghum) with a winter crop (winter wheat) helps in utilizing solar-PV Fig 18. Comparing Daily Water Volume of Two Different Helical Pumps. Demand/Supply People Cattle Annual Average 894.00 liters/person/day 33.00 liters/cow/day Corn Irrigation 17,300.00 liters/hectare/day Solar Energy 5.83 kWh/m^2/day Centrifugal Pump Performance 0.75 kW PV Array, 0.56 kW Motor/Pump, 42m Head 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 4.0 4.5 5.0 Daily Solar Energy (kWh/m^2) 7.5 8.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 1-phase 230V Motor 3-phase 230V Motor Fig. 19. Effect of AC Motor Phase on Daily Water Volume of Solar Powered Centrifugal Pump System. Fig 20 shows the daily water volume versus pumping depth for all pumps which have been powered by solar-PV. Because most of the USDA-ARS-CPRL testing has been with helical and diaphragm pumps, then the boundaries for these pumps are known with the most accuracy. Due to cost restrictions (cost of equipment and required labor) we were not able to define where the boundaries for the centrifugal and piston pumps occurred, but the general regions for these two type pumps are shown. It is very important that whatever pump is used, the static level pumping depth should not exceed the maximum design pumping depth since we have seen the lifetime of a pump shortened significantly (as much as 80%) when the maximum design pumping depth is exceeded by as little as 15m. 2.5 Case Studies Because the water demand can vary significantly for different water uses (domestic use, livestock watering, crop or orchard irrigation) and different locations (variation of solar resource, temperature, rainfall amount, etc), then we Diaphragm Lower Boundary Diaphragm Upper Boundary Helical Lower Boundary Helical Upper Boundary Person (100 liters) Beef Cow (liters) Corn Irrigation per ha (1000 liters) Solar Energy (kWh/m^2) Daily Water Volume (liters) Daily Water Demand Daily Water Volume (liters) Daily Solar Energy Available Daily Water Volume (liters)PDF Image | Solar Water Pumping for Home, Livestock Watering or Irrigation
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