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X.R. Zhang, H. Yamaguchi / Applied Thermal Engineering 28 (2008) 1225–1233 1229 and tube design is used for the heat exchangers 1 and 2, with tube side of CO2 and shell side of water. There are four platinum resistor temperature sensors mounted to measure inlet and outlet water temperatures of the heat exchangers, with an accuracy of ± 0.15 + 0.0002jtj °C. Water flow rates of the heat exchangers 1 and 2 are mea- sured by two water flow meters mounted at the outlets of the heat exchangers, with an accuracy of ±0.5%. In the experiment, the water temperatures and flow rates are con- trolled and adjusted to insure heat dissipation ability from the CO2 loop and make CO2 liquid state at the pump inlet. A meteorological measurement system is also installed, which is mainly comprised of sun radiation sensor (Nos. 1–4, made by OTAKEIKI), anemometer (23-SP-420, made by OTAKEIKI), and air temperature gauge. In this paper, only measured solar radiation and atmospheric tempera- ture are presented, and accuracies of the sun radiation sen- sor and the air temperature gauge are, respectively ±0.3% and ±0.15 + 0.002jtj °C. In addition, a measurement and data acquisition system is used in the experiments. The sys- tem can achieve real-time data measurement, acquisition, processing, and share. The output signals of the experimen- tal data can be automatically transported through the computerized data acquisition system and recorded as functions of time. The data sampling time is 1.0 min. Ther- mal insulation coating is applied on all the carbon dioxide and water loops to reduce heat losses from the piping. The following parameters are defined to describe the col- lector characteristics: Z td It1⁄4 Idt 0Rtdm dt mCO1⁄40CO2 2 td qcollector 1⁄4 mCO2 ðh1 ð1Þ ð2Þ h4 Þ ð3Þ ð4Þ ð5Þ ð6Þ qct 1⁄4 Z td 0 qcollector dt gcollector 1⁄4 qcollector qI gcollector 1⁄4 ct It where I is solar radiation, It is the total solar radiation dur- ing the test time period per day (an integral of the solar radiation on a test time period), mCO2 is the time-weighted average mass flow rate of CO2 fluid per day, qct is the total a 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.006 0.003 0.000 0.0 Measured CO Polynomial fit curve mass flow rate 2 (m =0.006+0.018I-0.011I ) CO2 2 b 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.006 0.003 0.000 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 Time 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 I (kW/m2) Fig. 6. (a) Variations in the CO2 mass flow rate measured with the solar radiation; (b) variations in the CO2 mass flow rate measured with time. a 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 b 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 9:00 11:00 0.4 0.6 I (kW/m2) 0.8 1.0 Measured data Polynomial fit curve 13:00 Time 15:00 17:00 Fig. 7. Variations of the heat quantity collected in the collector with the solar radiation (a) and with the time (b). mCO (kg/s) mCO2(kg/s) 2 q collector (kW/ m2) q collector (kW/m2)PDF Image | study on evacuated tube solar collector using supercritical CO2
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